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Related Concept Videos

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:10

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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Chain-growth or addition polymerization is successive addition reactions of monomers with a polymer chain. In radical chain-growth polymerization, the reaction proceeds via a free-radical intermediate. The free radical is formed from radical initiators, which spontaneously generate free radicals by homolytic fission. Organic peroxides (such as dibenzoyl peroxide, as shown in Figure 1) or azo compounds are popular radical initiators. A low concentration ratio of radical initiator to monomer is...
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Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:09

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

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The radical chain-growth polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination of polymerization. The polymerization initiates when a free radical generated from the radical initiator adds to the unsaturated bond in the monomer. The unpaired electron of the free radical and one π electron in the unsaturated bond creates a σ bond between the free radical and the monomer. As a result, the other π electron in the unsaturated bond converts this...
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Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Chain Branching01:17

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Chain Branching

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The skeletal structure of polymers synthesized via radical polymerization is always branched. For example, the polymerization of ethylene by radical polymerization results in a low-density grade of polyethylene with a heavily branched skeletal structure. Here, the radical site abstracts hydrogen from the growing chain, and the radical site shifts from the end (a primary carbon center) to anywhere within the growing chain (a secondary carbon center). Consequently, the part of the chain from the...
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Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:17

Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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Ziegler–Natta polymerization is another form of addition or chain‐growth polymerization used for synthesizing linear polymers over branched polymers. The catalyst used for polymerization is the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, named after Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta, who developed it in 1953. This catalyst is an organometallic complex of titanium tetrachloride and triethyl aluminum, with the active form of the catalyst being an alkyl titanium compound. Using the Ziegler–Natta...
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:04

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

2.0K
The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael...
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Ethylene Polymerizations Using Parallel Pressure Reactors and a Kinetic Analysis of Chain Transfer Polymerization
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Coordinative Chain Transfer and Chain Shuttling Polymerization.

Robert Mundil1, Catarina Bravo2, Nicolas Merle2

  • 1Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova, 2030, 128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic.

Chemical Reviews
|December 12, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Coordinative chain transfer polymerization (CCTP) offers controlled synthesis of various polymers, including functional block copolymers. This review highlights CCTP

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Macromolecular Science
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Coordinative chain transfer polymerization (CCTP) is a versatile degenerative chain transfer process.
  • It enables controlled synthesis of polyolefins, polydienes, and polystyrene, including copolymers.
  • CCTP offers environmental benefits through catalyst economy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the state-of-the-art in coordinative chain transfer polymerization over the last decade.
  • To highlight CCTP's capabilities in synthesizing complex polymer architectures and functional materials.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent advancements in coordinative chain transfer polymerization techniques.
  • Focus on methodologies enabling controlled synthesis of (stereo)block and statistical copolymers.
  • Exploration of chain shuttling polymerization (CSP) for one-pot multiblock synthesis.

Main Results:

  • CCTP allows precise control over polymer microstructure, composition, and end-functionalization.
  • Simultaneous use of catalysts in CSP enables the creation of novel multiblock architectures.
  • Application of CCTP extends to ring-opening polymerization of cyclic esters and ethers.

Conclusions:

  • Coordinative chain transfer polymerization is a powerful tool for producing advanced functional polymers.
  • The methodology facilitates the synthesis of high-performance materials like thermoplastic elastomers and adhesives.
  • CCTP continues to evolve, offering new possibilities in polymer synthesis and materials design.