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Ferromagnetism

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Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...
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Materials consisting of paired electrons have zero net magnetic moments. However, when these materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Such materials are called diamagnets. Diamagnetism is the response of the diamagnets when placed in an external magnetic field.
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In linear magnetic materials, like paramagnets and diamagnets, magnetization is proportional to the magnetic field intensity. The constant of proportionality, a dimensionless number, is called magnetic susceptibility. The value of the susceptibility depends on the type of material.
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An electric field suffers a discontinuity at a surface charge. Similarly, a magnetic field is discontinuous at a surface current. The perpendicular component of a magnetic field is continuous across the interface of two magnetic mediums. In contrast, its parallel component, perpendicular to the current, is discontinuous by the amount equal to the product of the vacuum permeability and the surface current. Like the scalar potential in electrostatics, the vector potential is also continuous...
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Paramagnets are materials with unpaired electrons that possess a finite magnetic moment. In the absence of a magnetic field, these moments are randomly oriented, and thus the net moment is zero. Under an external field, a torque acting on the moments tends to align them along the field's direction. However, the random thermal motion of electrons produces a torque opposite to the external field and tries to disorient the moments. These two competing effects align only a few moments along the...
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Defect induced ferromagnetism in Mn3Ga.

S V Malik1, E T Dias1, P D Babu2

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Journal of Physics. Condensed Matter : an Institute of Physics Journal
|December 12, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Researchers discovered kinetic arrest in Ni-substituted Mn3Ga alloys, linked to a defect phase transition. This phenomenon, observed for the first time in a compound, arises from the interaction between antiferromagnetic and ferromagnetic phases.

Keywords:
Mn3Gaantiferromagnetsmixed magnetic interactions

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Magnetism

Background:

  • Manganese-gallium (Mn-Ga) alloys exhibit complex magnetic properties.
  • Ni substitution in Mn-Ga can induce ferromagnetism within an antiferromagnetic matrix.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the origin of ferromagnetism and kinetic arrest in Ni-substituted Mn-Ga alloys.
  • To understand the role of local structural defects and phase transitions.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic study of crystal structure, local structure, and magnetic properties.
  • Analysis of Mn3-xNixGa alloys (x=0, 0.25) using techniques like field cooling and temper annealing.

Main Results:

  • Ferromagnetism in Mn2.75Ni0.25Ga originates from segregated Heusler-type environments around Ni.
  • Temper annealing leads to the formation of a ferromagnetic Ni-Mn-Ga Heusler phase.
  • Exchange bias and kinetic arrest at room temperature are observed due to the interaction between antiferromagnetic and ferromagnetic phases.

Conclusions:

  • The first-order transition of an embedded defect phase is responsible for the observed kinetic arrest.
  • The interaction between the antiferromagnetic host and ferromagnetic defect phase drives exchange bias.
  • This study provides novel insights into kinetic arrest mechanisms in magnetic materials.