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Superconductor

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A substance that reaches superconductivity, a state in which magnetic fields cannot penetrate, and there is no electrical resistance, is referred to as a superconductor. In 1911, Heike Kamerlingh Onnes of Leiden University, a Dutch physicist, observed a relation between the temperature and the resistance of the element mercury. The mercury sample was then cooled in liquid helium to study the linear dependence of resistance on temperature. It was observed that, as the temperature decreased, the...

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A superconductor is a substance that offers zero resistance to the electric current when it drops below a critical temperature. Zero resistance is not the only interesting phenomenon as materials reach their transition temperatures. A second effect is the exclusion of magnetic fields. This is known as the Meissner effect. A light, permanent magnet placed over a superconducting sample will levitate in a stable position above the superconductor. High-speed trains that levitate on strong...

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The phase of a given substance depends on the pressure and temperature. Thus, plots of pressure versus temperature showing the phase in each region provide considerable insights into the thermal properties of substances. Such plots are known as phase diagrams. For instance, in the phase diagram for water (Figure 1), the solid curve boundaries between the phases indicate phase transitions (i.e., temperatures and pressures at which the phases coexist).

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 8, 2025

Scalable Quantum Integrated Circuits on Superconducting Two-Dimensional Electron Gas Platform

Scalable Quantum Integrated Circuits on Superconducting Two-Dimensional Electron Gas Platform

Published on: August 2, 2019

Quantum phase transitions in two-dimensional superconductors: a review on recent experimental progress.

Ziqiao Wang¹, Yi Liu^2,3, Chengcheng Ji^1,4

¹International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China.

Reports on Progress in Physics. Physical Society (Great Britain)

|December 12, 2023

Summary

Quantum phase transitions in 2D superconductors reveal quantum Griffiths singularity and anomalous metal states. These findings highlight the role of disorder and quantum fluctuations in superconducting systems.

Keywords:

anomalous metal state quantum Griffiths singularity quantum phase transition two-dimensional superconductor

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Area of Science:

Condensed Matter Physics
Quantum Materials Science

Background:

Superconductor-insulator/metal transition (SMT) is a key area of quantum phase transition research.
Recent advances in 2D superconducting films and nanodevices enable the study of novel quantum phenomena.

Purpose of the Study:

To review recent progress in quantum phase transitions of 2D superconductors.
To focus on quantum Griffiths singularity (QGS) and anomalous metal states.

Main Methods:

Discovery of QGS in ultrathin crystalline Ga films and its detection in various 2D superconductors.
Investigation of anomalous metal states in high-temperature superconducting films with nanopores.
Observation of charge-2e quantum oscillations in nanopatterned films.

Main Results:

QGS, characterized by a divergent critical exponent at zero temperature, demonstrates the impact of quenched disorder.
A robust anomalous metal state (Bose metal) with saturated resistance was observed in 2D superconductors.
Charge-2e quantum oscillations confirmed the bosonic nature of the anomalous metal state.

Conclusions:

Quantum fluctuations and dissipation play significant roles in 2D superconductors.
The study provides new perspectives on quantum phase transitions in superconducting systems.
The existence of metallic ground states in 2D superconductors is further supported.