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Neurulation01:30

Neurulation

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Neurulation is the embryological process which forms the precursors of the central nervous system and occurs after gastrulation has established the three primary cell layers of the embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. In humans, the majority of this system is formed via primary neurulation, in which the central portion of the ectoderm—originally appearing as a flat sheet of cells—folds upwards and inwards, sealing off to form a hollow neural tube. As development proceeds, the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 8, 2025

State of the Art Cranial Ultrasound Imaging in Neonates
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Chiari III malformation in a neonate.

Riya Kalra1, Eman Omar Bamashmous2, Anant Krishnan3

  • 1Pediatrics, Corewell Health William Beaumont University Hospital, Royal Oak, Michigan, USA.

BMJ Case Reports
|December 13, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Chiari malformation type III (CMIII) is rare. This case study details a neonate with an occipital encephalocele, highlighting surgical repair and long-term developmental outcomes.

Keywords:
Brainstem/cerebellumCongenital disordersNeurogeneticsNeuroimaging

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Pediatric Surgery
  • Developmental Pediatrics

Background:

  • Chiari malformation (CM) encompasses complex hindbrain deformities.
  • CM type III (CMIII) represents the rarest and most severe form.
  • Antenatal diagnosis of occipital encephalocele is crucial for early intervention planning.

Observation:

  • A term neonate presented with an antenatal diagnosis of occipital encephalocele.
  • The infant underwent surgical resection of the encephalocele, vessel ligation, and dural reconstruction on day 4 of life.
  • Initial prognosis was guarded due to the severity of the condition.

Findings:

  • The neonate experienced a good postoperative course without immediate complications.
  • Despite successful surgical repair, the child developed cortical visual impairment.
  • Global developmental delay was observed as a significant long-term outcome.

Implications:

  • Early surgical intervention in CMIII cases can lead to favorable short-term outcomes.
  • Long-term neurodevelopmental surveillance is essential for infants with CMIII.
  • This case underscores the complex interplay between surgical repair and persistent neurodevelopmental deficits in rare congenital anomalies.