Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Drug Abuse and Addiction: Pharmacological Phenomena01:15

Drug Abuse and Addiction: Pharmacological Phenomena

486
Drug dependence, abuse, and addiction are complex phenomena that can precipitate various abnormal states. Physical dependence refers to a state of pharmacological adaptation to a drug. This adaptation often results in tolerance—a reduced response to the drug after repeated administrations. When the drug use is abruptly stopped, withdrawal symptoms occur due to the body's need to readjust from the pharmacologically induced imbalance. However, tolerance and withdrawal symptoms do not...
486
Adrenergic Agonists: Indirect-Acting Agents01:25

Adrenergic Agonists: Indirect-Acting Agents

1.6K
Indirect-acting adrenergic agonists potentiate the effects of endogenous catecholamines through different mechanisms without directly binding to adrenoceptors.
One mechanism involves depleting stored catecholamines by displacing them from synaptic vesicles. These agents, known as "displacers," are transported into vesicles at the expense of noradrenaline. Examples include amphetamine and tyramine, which lack a catechol moiety, resulting in prolonged action, improved oral...
1.6K
Drugs Affecting Neurotransmitter Synthesis01:29

Drugs Affecting Neurotransmitter Synthesis

1.4K
Drugs affecting neurotransmitter synthesis can impact the adrenergic neuron and the synthesis of neurotransmitters. For example, α-methyltyrosine and carbidopa target specific enzymes involved in catecholamine synthesis. α-methyltyrosine inhibits the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase, which converts tyrosine into dopamine. By blocking this enzyme, α-methyltyrosine reduces dopamine production and other catecholamines. Carbidopa, on the other hand, inhibits the enzyme dopa decarboxylase,...
1.4K
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder01:30

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

68
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It affects approximately 5-8% of children globally, with around 60-70% of cases persisting into adulthood. ADHD has significant implications for educational attainment, social interactions, and occupational success.
Diagnostic Criteria and Symptoms
To diagnose ADHD, symptoms must manifest before age 12 and be evident across multiple settings....
68

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Advanced practitioners are not the problem: a system under strain leads to workforce gaps and mismatched deployment.

British journal of nursing (Mark Allen Publishing)·2026
Same author

Assessment of the bacterial community of the human upper respiratory tract in patients affected by Covid-19.

Genetics and molecular biology·2026
Same author

Flexible route planning and rapid structure learning by mice in complex environments.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Tart cherry supplementation causes differential regulation of skeletal muscle proteome after eccentric exercise.

Frontiers in nutrition·2026
Same author

Pneumococcus uses COMMD2 to alter host cellular immunity.

Nature communications·2026
Same author

Teriparatide Plus Zoledronic Acid for Osteogenesis Imperfecta: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

JAMA·2026
Same journal

Daily briefing: 'Cyborg' cockroaches breathe underwater with printed suit.

Nature·2026
Same journal

China boosts prestigious grants for young scientists - will it ease competition?

Nature·2026
Same journal

Incoming US science academy chief vows to 'double down' on research.

Nature·2026
Same journal

Author Correction: Synthesis of enantioenriched atropisomers by biocatalytic deracemization.

Nature·2026
Same journal

Electrodeposited self-assembled molecules for perovskite photovoltaics.

Nature·2026
Same journal

Neutrino's nursery found: the 'Shadow Blaster'.

Nature·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 8, 2025

Comprehensive Profiling of Dopamine Regulation in Substantia Nigra and Ventral Tegmental Area
09:54

Comprehensive Profiling of Dopamine Regulation in Substantia Nigra and Ventral Tegmental Area

Published on: August 10, 2012

25.8K

Dynamic behaviour restructuring mediates dopamine-dependent credit assignment.

Jonathan C Y Tang1,2,3, Vitor Paixao4,5, Filipe Carvalho4,6

  • 1Department of Neuroscience, Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.

Nature
|December 13, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Dopamine release reinforces actions, but assigning credit is complex. This study shows dopamine self-stimulation refines behavior, gradually assigning credit to specific actions and sequences leading to reward.

More Related Videos

New Variations for Strategy Set-shifting in the Rat
09:45

New Variations for Strategy Set-shifting in the Rat

Published on: January 23, 2017

8.2K
Developing a Rat Model for Bipolar Disorder
04:44

Developing a Rat Model for Bipolar Disorder

Published on: May 2, 2025

284

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 8, 2025

Comprehensive Profiling of Dopamine Regulation in Substantia Nigra and Ventral Tegmental Area
09:54

Comprehensive Profiling of Dopamine Regulation in Substantia Nigra and Ventral Tegmental Area

Published on: August 10, 2012

25.8K
New Variations for Strategy Set-shifting in the Rat
09:45

New Variations for Strategy Set-shifting in the Rat

Published on: January 23, 2017

8.2K
Developing a Rat Model for Bipolar Disorder
04:44

Developing a Rat Model for Bipolar Disorder

Published on: May 2, 2025

284

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Behavioral Science
  • Computational Neuroscience

Background:

  • Animals learn actions that yield rewards, with dopamine critical for reinforcement.
  • Understanding how credit is assigned to specific actions during continuous behavior remains a challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the mechanisms of credit assignment for dopamine-mediated reinforcement.
  • To explore how dopamine self-stimulation dynamically shapes behavioral repertoires.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a mouse self-stimulation paradigm with optogenetic activation of dopaminergic neurons.
  • Engineered spontaneous movements to trigger dopamine neuron stimulation.

Main Results:

  • Dopamine self-stimulation rapidly altered behavioral structure, reinforcing target actions and preceding behaviors.
  • Repeated stimulation led to gradual refinement, focusing on the target action.
  • Analysis of action sequences revealed stepwise credit assignment based on temporal proximity to stimulation.

Conclusions:

  • A retrospective reinforcement mechanism underlies both reinforcement and gradual refinement of behavior.
  • This mechanism assigns credit to specific actions and action sequences that trigger dopamine release.