A Preliminary Assessment of Global CO₂: Spatial Patterns, Temporal Trends, and Policy Implications

This study offers a comprehensive analysis of the distribution, evolution, and driving factors of CO₂ emissions from 1990 to 2016 at multiple spatial scales. Utilizing 26 indicators encompassing various facets of CO₂ emissions, it is employed principal component analysis (PCA) and empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) to identify the dominant characteristics of global CO₂ emissions. This model retained three core components, accounting for 93% of the global CO₂ variation, reflecting emission trajectories and associated economic metrics, such as Gross domestic product (GDP). The analysis differentiated the effects of these components based on countries' economic standings. Using a novel aggregated index, significant national contributors to global CO₂ emissions are pinpointed. Notably, the leading contributors are found among developed nations (e.g., the United States, Canada, Japan), Gulf states (e.g., Saudi Arabia, Qatar), and emerging economies (e.g., China, Brazil, Mexico). Furthermore, these results highlight that shifts in global CO₂ emissions over the past 30 years are predominantly influenced by factors like industrial emissions and GDP. Results also demonstrate a distinct relationship between a country's CO₂ emissions and its physical and socioeconomic factors. Specifically, the nation's coastline length, population density in coastal regions, and the diversity of its climatic conditions significantly influence its carbon footprint.