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The impacts of COVID-19 hospitalizations on non-COVID-19 deaths and hospitalizations: A panel data analysis using

Naercio Menezes-Filho1,2, Bruno Kawaoka Komatsu1, Luana Villares1,2

  • 1Ruth Cardoso Chair, Insper, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.

Plos One
|December 14, 2023
PubMed

Insights

The COVID-19 pandemic reduced non-COVID-19 hospitalizations and increased deaths from other causes in Brazil. Vulnerable populations, including African Brazilians, the less-educated, and the elderly, were disproportionately affected.

Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Epidemiology
  • Health Services Research

Background:

  • The COVID-19 pandemic strained Brazil's healthcare system, exacerbating existing demands from non-communicable diseases and births.
  • Managing hospital capacity became a significant challenge during the pandemic.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To estimate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on non-COVID-19 hospitalizations and deaths in Brazil.
  • To identify the specific causes and demographic groups most affected by these impacts.

Main Methods:

  • Monthly panel data on deaths and hospitalizations by municipality of residence were analyzed.
  • Regression models controlling for municipality and state-month fixed effects were used to assess the relationship between COVID-19 hospitalizations and other health outcomes.
  • Standard errors were clustered at the municipality level.

Main Results:

  • An increase of 100 COVID-19 hospitalizations per 100,000 population was associated with a decrease of 49 non-COVID-19 hospitalizations and four additional deaths from other causes.
  • COVID-19 intensive care unit hospitalizations had a larger impact on mortality.
  • African Brazilians, less-educated individuals, and the elderly experienced the most significant negative impacts.

Conclusions:

  • The pandemic led to reduced hospitalizations for other conditions and increased mortality, particularly affecting vulnerable populations.
  • Hospital overcrowding and patient fear of infection contributed to decreased demand for non-COVID-19 care.
  • Raising awareness about the risks to non-communicable chronic diseases during health emergencies is crucial, utilizing established community outreach programs like Brazil's Family Health Program.

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