A critical review of dental biomaterials with an emphasis on biocompatibility

This paper presents the major achievements in the field of biomaterials in restorative dentistry and tissue regeneration reported over the past 3 years. The review aims to summarize the knowledge on important biomaterials and the emerging modification strategies to improve their biointegration, biological activity, mechanical properties, and resistance to the harsh oral environment. We also discuss the main opportunities and challenges associated with the use of biomaterials in dentistry.Much contemporary research focuses on the interactions between biomaterials and the surrounding tissues in the oral environment regarding adhesion, associated stresses and strains, and the durability of dental restoration materials. Dental biomaterials should support cell adhesion and activity, leading to dental tissue regeneration, and are also expected to effectively prevent bacterial infections and inhibit material corrosion in saliva. The degradation, dissolution or corrosion of restorative materials due to exposure to body fluids can alter the structure and mechanical properties of the material, causing various adverse effects.Another aspect addressed in recent literature is the improvement of the mechanical properties and esthetics of restorative materials. The surfaces of biomaterials are usually modified with polymers or nanomaterials to reduce friction while maintaining biocompatibility.Although all modern biomaterials are promising, there is an urgent need for more in vivo and clinical studies to investigate their biological advantages and disadvantages in detail. The computational techniques used to assess the properties of modern dental materials, particularly the mechanical ones, could assist in the development of the materials. Such an approach can help bring new biomaterials to the market by reducing complicated, tedious and expensive experimentation.