The social life of precision instruments: artisans' trials in early-modern England, 1550-1700

This paper examines the role of mathematical instrument makers in establishing a public culture of precision measurement in early-modern England. I argue that this culture was promoted through trials and demonstrations, in the context of which artisans held a privileged position. The trials described here cover land surveying, the measurement of magnetic variation, and standards of measurement for customs and excise. These trials were decisive moments in the 'cultural biographies' of precision instruments. I ask how it was that instrument makers were able to assume positions of authority, and what this means for our understanding of the socio-material system of precision measurement in the early-modern period, and the contemporary rise of 'experimental' and 'philosophical' trials. Because practical mathematics was a self-consciously economic activity - motivated by trade, commerce, exploration and colonization - direct connections to natural philosophy are significant, a point explored in my conclusion.