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Stability of pathogens on banknotes and coins: A narrative review
Toni Luise Meister1, Lisa Kirchhoff2, Yannick Brüggemann1
1Department for Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
Abstract:
For the prevention of infectious diseases, knowledge about potential transmission routes is essential. Pathogens can be transmitted directly (i.e. respiratory droplets, hand-to-hand contact) or indirectly via contaminated surfaces (fomites). In particular, frequently touched objects/surfaces may serve as transmission vehicles for different clinically relevant bacterial, fungal, and viral pathogens. Banknotes and coins offer ample surface area and are frequently exchanged between individuals. Consequently, many concerns have been raised in the recent past, that banknotes and coins could serve as vectors for the transmission of disease-causing microorganisms. This review summarizes the latest research on the potential of paper currency and coins to serve as sources of pathogenic viral, bacterial, and fungal agents. In contrast to the current perception of banknotes and coins as important transmission vehicles, current evidence suggests, that banknotes and coins do not pose a particular risk of pathogen infection for the public.
Insights
Contrary to popular belief, research indicates that banknotes and coins are unlikely to transmit infectious diseases. While currency is frequently exchanged, it does not pose a significant risk for pathogen infection to the public.
Area of Science:
- Microbiology
- Infectious Diseases
- Public Health
Background:
- Pathogen transmission is crucial for infectious disease prevention, occurring directly or indirectly via contaminated surfaces (fomites).
- Frequently touched items like banknotes and coins are suspected transmission vehicles for various pathogens.
- Concerns exist regarding currency's role in spreading disease-causing microorganisms.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review current research on the potential of paper currency and coins as sources of pathogenic agents.
- To assess the actual risk of pathogen transmission via banknotes and coins.
Main Methods:
- Literature review of recent studies on currency and pathogen carriage.
- Analysis of evidence regarding viral, bacterial, and fungal contamination of money.
Main Results:
- Despite public perception, current evidence suggests banknotes and coins do not pose a significant risk for pathogen infection.
- Research indicates that currency is not a major vector for disease transmission.
Conclusions:
- Banknotes and coins are not considered a significant public health risk for pathogen transmission.
- The perceived role of currency in disease spread is not supported by current scientific evidence.
