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Updated: Jul 8, 2025

Using the Race Model Inequality to Quantify Behavioral Multisensory Integration Effects
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Racism is not about "race".

Paola Bressan1

  • 1Dipartimento di Psicologia Generale, University of Padova, 35131, Padua, Italy. paola.bressan@unipd.it.

Scientific Reports
|December 15, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Humans avoid unfamiliar individuals due to pathogen avoidance, a bias influenced by ethnicity when it signals unfamiliarity. Increased exposure may reduce this "stranger danger" response.

Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Social psychology
  • Pathogen avoidance

Background:

  • Suspicion of unfamiliar individuals is common in the animal kingdom, likely due to pathogen transmission risks.
  • Previous studies suggested humans do not avoid microbe-sharing with ethnic outgroups more than ingroups, challenging the pathogen avoidance hypothesis in humans.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To re-evaluate the pathogen avoidance hypothesis in human social behavior.
  • To investigate the role of ethnicity in pathogen avoidance and social distancing.
  • To determine if ethnicity acts as a proxy for unfamiliarity in disease avoidance.

Main Methods:

  • Reanalysis of public data from 6500 participants across China, India, USA, and UK.
  • Statistical analysis to assess the relationship between unfamiliarity, ethnicity, and avoidance behaviors.

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  • Examination of social distancing patterns in relation to perceived pathogen risk.

    • Main Results:

    • Individuals exhibit avoidance behaviors towards unfamiliar people, consistent with pathogen avoidance.
    • Ethnicity influences avoidance, but primarily when it serves as a proxy for unfamiliarity.
    • The effect of ethnicity on avoidance is conditional on the degree of familiarity.

    Conclusions:

    • Human avoidance of strangers is rooted in pathogen avoidance, similar to other animals.
    • Ethnicity is a factor in social avoidance, but its impact is mediated by unfamiliarity.
    • Reducing racism may be possible by increasing familiarity and exposure to diverse ethnic groups from childhood.