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Updated: Jul 8, 2025
Isolation and Quantification of Zika Virus from Multiple Organs in a Mouse
Published on: August 15, 2019
Zika virus: Antiviral immune response, inflammation, and cardiotonic steroids as antiviral agents
José Marreiro de Sales-Neto1, Deyse Cristina Madruga Carvalho1, Daniel Wilson Arruda Magalhães1
1Laboratory of Immunobiotechnology, Biotechnology Center, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil.
Abstract:
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne virus first reported from humans in Nigeria in 1954. The first outbreak occurred in Micronesia followed by an outbreak in French Polynesia and another in Brazil when the virus was associated with numerous cases of severe neurological manifestations such as Guillain-Barre syndrome in adults and congenital zika syndrome in fetuses, particularly congenital microcephaly. Innate immunity is the first line of defense against ZIKV through triggering an antiviral immune response. Along with innate immune responses, a sufficient balance between anti- and pro-inflammatory cytokines and the amount of these cytokines are triggered to enhance the antiviral responses. Here, we reviewed the complex interplay between the mediators and signal pathways that coordinate antiviral immune response and inflammation as a key to understanding the development of the underlying diseases triggered by ZIKV. In addition, we summarize current and new therapeutic strategies for ZIKV infection, highlighting cardiotonic steroids as antiviral drugs for the development of this agent.
Insights
Zika virus (ZIKV) causes severe neurological issues. This review explores ZIKV
Area of Science:
- Virology
- Immunology
- Neuroscience
Background:
- Zika virus (ZIKV), a mosquito-borne flavivirus, was first identified in humans in Nigeria in 1954.
- ZIKV outbreaks have been linked to severe neurological conditions, including Guillain-Barre syndrome in adults and congenital Zika syndrome (microcephaly) in fetuses.
- The innate immune system is crucial for controlling ZIKV infections by initiating antiviral responses.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the intricate interactions between immune mediators and signaling pathways governing antiviral responses and inflammation in ZIKV infection.
- To elucidate the mechanisms underlying ZIKV-associated diseases.
- To summarize existing and novel therapeutic strategies for ZIKV infection.
Main Methods:
- Comprehensive literature review of ZIKV pathogenesis, immune responses, and therapeutic interventions.
- Analysis of signaling pathways involved in innate immunity and inflammation during ZIKV infection.
- Evaluation of current and emerging treatment options, including novel antiviral agents.
Main Results:
- The interplay between antiviral immunity and inflammation is complex and critical for ZIKV disease development.
- Specific cytokine profiles and signaling pathways significantly influence disease outcomes.
- Cardiotonic steroids show promise as potential antiviral drugs against ZIKV.
Conclusions:
- Understanding the immune response to ZIKV is key to comprehending its associated pathologies.
- Targeting specific immune pathways and exploring novel therapeutics like cardiotonic steroids are crucial for managing ZIKV infections.
