Next-generation biological vector platforms for in vivo delivery of genome editing agents

CRISPR-based genome editing holds promise for addressing genetic disease, infectious disease, and cancer and has rapidly advanced from primary research to clinical trials in recent years. However, the lack of safe and potent in vivo delivery methods for CRISPR components has limited most ongoing clinical trials to ex vivo gene therapy. Effective CRISPR in vivo genome editing necessitates an effective vehicle ensuring target cell transduction while minimizing off-target effects, toxicity, and immune reactions. In this review, we examine promising biological-derived platforms to deliver DNA editing agents in vivo and the engineering thereof, encompassing potent viral-based vehicles, flexible protein nanocages, and mammalian-derived particles.