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Related Concept Videos

Overview of DNA Repair02:25

Overview of DNA Repair

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In order to be passed through generations, genomic DNA must be undamaged and error-free. However, every day, DNA in a cell undergoes several thousand to a million damaging events by natural causes and external factors. Ionizing radiation such as UV rays, free radicals produced during cellular respiration, and hydrolytic damage from metabolic reactions can alter the structure of DNA. Damages caused include single-base alteration, base dimerization, chain breaks, and cross-linkage.
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DNA Damage can Stall the Cell Cycle02:37

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In response to DNA damage, cells can pause the cell cycle to assess and repair the breaks. However, the cell must check the DNA at certain critical stages during the cell cycle. If the cell cycle pauses before DNA replication, the cells will contain twice the amount of DNA. On the other hand, if cells arrest after DNA replication but before mitosis, they will contain four times the normal amount of DNA. With a host of specialized proteins at their disposal,cells must use the right protein at...
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DNA Distortion and Damage
Cells are regularly exposed to mutagens—factors in the environment that can damage DNA and generate mutations. UV radiation is one of the most common mutagens and is estimated to introduce a significant number of changes in DNA. These include bends or kinks in the structure, which can block DNA replication or transcription. If these errors are not fixed, the damage can cause mutations, which in turn can result in cancer or disease depending on which sequences are...
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Mutations01:35

Mutations

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Mutations are changes in the sequence of DNA. These changes can occur spontaneously or they can be induced by exposure to environmental factors. Mutations can be characterized in a number of different ways: whether and how they alter the amino acid sequence of the protein, whether they occur over a small or large area of DNA, and whether they occur in somatic cells or germline cells.
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The DNA Replication Fork01:02

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An organism’s genome needs to be duplicated in an efficient and error-free manner for its growth and survival. The replication fork is a Y-shaped active region where two strands of DNA are separated and replicated continuously. The coupling of DNA unzipping and complementary strand synthesis is a characteristic feature of a replication fork.   Organisms with small circular DNA, such as E. coli, often have a single origin of replication; therefore, they have only two replication...
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Fixing Double-strand Breaks02:04

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The double-stranded structure of DNA has two major advantages. First, it serves as a safe repository of genetic information where one strand serves as the back-up in case the other strand is damaged. Second, the double-helical structure can be wrapped around proteins called histones to form nucleosomes, which can then be tightly wound to form chromosomes. This way, DNA chains up to 2 inches long can be contained within microscopic structures in a cell. A double-stranded break not only damages...
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Visualizing and Quantifying Endonuclease-Based Site-Specific DNA Damage
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DNA damage and transcription stress.

Larissa Milano1, Amit Gautam1, Keith W Caldecott1

  • 1Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9RQ, UK.

Molecular Cell
|December 16, 2023
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DNA damage and transcription are closely connected, with each process influencing the other. Aberrant transcription can lead to DNA breaks, potentially causing genome instability and cell death.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • DNA damage and transcription are intrinsically linked processes within the cell.
  • Numerous DNA lesions occur daily, potentially hindering transcription.
  • Gene expression can also generate DNA damage, creating a complex interplay.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the bidirectional relationship between genome integrity and transcriptional activity.
  • To understand how DNA damage impacts gene expression and vice versa.
  • To explore the mechanisms by which transcription-related processes can lead to DNA lesions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on DNA damage response pathways.
  • Analysis of molecular mechanisms linking transcription and DNA repair.
  • Examination of cellular processes that regulate transcription and DNA integrity.

Main Results:

  • DNA lesions frequently impede transcription, requiring robust repair mechanisms.
  • Transcription can be a source of endogenous DNA damage through various pathways.
  • Errors in transcription-related enzyme activity can result in DNA breaks.

Conclusions:

  • The intricate crosstalk between DNA damage and transcription is crucial for maintaining genome stability.
  • Dysregulation of this interplay can lead to genomic instability and cell death.
  • Further research into these mechanisms is vital for understanding various diseases.