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Related Concept Videos

Bacterial Flora of the Large Intestine01:29

Bacterial Flora of the Large Intestine

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The gut microbiome is formed by a vast and diverse community of bacteria that colonizes our large intestine. These bacteria start residing in the gut from birth and continue diversifying throughout life, influenced by factors such as diet, lifestyle, and stress. The gut bacterial community also includes bacteria from food and those that enter the colon through the anus.
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Although digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids may begin in the stomach, it is completed in the intestine. The absorption of nutrients, water, and electrolytes from food and drink also occurs in the intestine. The intestines can be divided into two structurally distinct organs—the small and large intestines.
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Genome comparison is one of the excellent ways to interpret the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The basic principle of genome comparison is that if two species share a common feature, it is likely encoded by the DNA sequence conserved between both species. The advent of genome sequencing technologies in the late 20th century enabled scientists to understand the concept of conservation of domains between species and helped them to deduce evolutionary relationships across diverse...
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The “tree of life” describes the evolution of life and the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The root of the tree is the common ancestor to all life on Earth. All other species radiate from this point, much like the branches of a tree. The numerous tips of these branches on the tree of life represent every living, or extant, species. Extinct species, which are species that no longer exist, can be found towards the center of the tree. Currently, these organisms, both...
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The endosymbiont theory is the most widely accepted theory of eukaryotic evolution; however, its progression is still somewhat debated. According to the nucleus-first hypothesis, the ancestral prokaryote first evolved a membrane to enclose DNA and form the nucleus. Conversely, the mitochondria-first hypothesis suggests that the nucleus was formed after endosymbiosis of mitochondria.
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Updated: Jul 8, 2025

Analysis of Interactions between Endobiotics and Human Gut Microbiota Using In Vitro Bath Fermentation Systems
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An evolution-based framework for describing human gut bacteria.

Benjamin A Doran1,2, Robert Y Chen3, Hannah Giba1,4

  • 1Duchossois Family Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637.

Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
|December 18, 2023
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Understanding bacterial strains in the human gut microbiome is key. Co-evolutionary patterns reveal hidden structures within species, enabling prediction of metabolic functions and consortium engineering.

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Genomics
  • Systems Biology

Background:

  • The human gut microbiome harbors diverse bacterial strains within species, presenting challenges for biological description beyond taxonomy.
  • Strain-level variation is genetically complex, hindering meaningful classification and functional prediction.

Conclusions:

  • Bacterial strain-level variation exhibits a meaningful organization based on evolutionary history.
  • A novel schema for describing bacterial strains using co-evolutionary signatures is proposed.
  • This approach enhances understanding of gut microbiome composition and function.