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Muscles of the Forearm that Move the Hand and Fingers

Muscles of the Forearm that Move the Hand and Fingers

The muscles of the forearm that move the wrist, hand, and digits are numerous and diverse. They can be classified into two groups based on their location and function — the anterior and posterior compartment muscles.
Anterior Compartment
The anterior compartment muscles originate from the humerus. They primarily function as flexors and are also known as flexor muscles. They typically insert on the carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges. The superficial layer includes the flexor carpi...

Muscles that Move the Forearm

Muscles that Move the Forearm

The muscles that move the forearms can be divided into four groups: forearm flexors, forearm extensors, forearm pronators, and forearm supinators. The flexors and extensors act on the elbow joint, while the pronators and supinators act on the radioulnar joints.
Forearm Flexors
The biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis are forearm flexors. The biceps brachii is made up of two heads. Its long head originates at the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula, whereas that of the short head is...

Arteries of the Upper Limbs

Arteries of the Upper Limbs

The subclavian artery transitions into the axillary artery as it exits the chest and enters the axillary region. This artery is critical for supplying blood to the shoulder area, including the head of the humerus, through the humeral circumflex arteries. As the vessel continues into the upper arm or brachium, it becomes the brachial artery. This artery plays a key role in vascularizing the brachial region and bifurcates at the elbow into several branches. These branches include the deep...

Directly Acting Muscle Relaxants: Dantrolene and Botulinum Toxin

Directly Acting Muscle Relaxants: Dantrolene and Botulinum Toxin

Directly acting muscle relaxants like dantrolene and botulinum toxin (BoNT) have distinct mechanisms and applications. Dantrolene, a hydantoin derivative, acts on the ryanodine receptor (RYR1) in skeletal muscle cells. RYR1 are calcium channels present at the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane. In response to excitation, they release calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol. Calcium promotes actin-myosin-mediated contraction of muscles.
The binding of dantrolene to the RYR1...

Ankle Joint

Ankle Joint

The ankle is formed by the talocrural joint (crural = leg). It consists of the articulations between the talus bone of the foot and the distal ends of the tibia and fibula of the leg. The superior aspect of the talus bone is square-shaped and has three areas of articulation. The top of the talus articulates with the inferior tibia. This is the portion of the ankle joint that carries the body weight between the leg and foot. The sides of the talus are firmly held in position by the articulations...

Muscles that Move the Arm

Muscles that Move the Arm

Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
The pectoralis major has two origins. Its clavicular head originates on the medial half of the clavicle. In contrast, the sternocostal head originates on the costal cartilages of ribs 1-6, the sternum, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique of the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 8, 2025

Author Spotlight: Ultrasound-Guided Needle Release Combined with Corticosteroid Injection for the Treatment of Supinator Syndrome

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Published on: May 26, 2023

Wrist Extensor Tenosynovitis After COVID-19 Vaccination.

Andrew Jeong¹, Thomas John Carroll¹, Ronald Gonzalez¹

¹Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY.

Journal of Hand Surgery Global Online

|December 18, 2023

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

A woman developed painful nodules and tenosynovitis after a COVID-19 vaccine booster. Surgical intervention was required for persistent symptoms and recurrence, highlighting potential vaccine-related inflammatory responses.

Keywords:

COVID-19 Extensor Tenosynovitis Vaccination Wrist

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Last Updated: Jul 8, 2025

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Published on: April 5, 2024

Area of Science:

Immunology
Rheumatology
Vaccinology

Background:

The mRNA-1273 vaccine (Moderna) is a widely used COVID-19 vaccine.
Adverse events following vaccination are typically mild and transient.
Rare inflammatory conditions can occur post-vaccination.

Observation:

A 54-year-old woman developed painful nodules on her left upper extremity and torso immediately after receiving the mRNA-1273 vaccine booster.
Nodules resolved spontaneously within days, except for those on the left wrist.
Persistent nodules on the left wrist showed findings consistent with extensor compartment tenosynovitis.

Findings:

Physical examination and imaging confirmed tenosynovitis in the second and fourth extensor compartments of the left wrist.
Surgical excision of the tenosynovitis was performed.
Symptoms recurred post-excision, necessitating a second surgical intervention.

Implications:

This case suggests a potential association between the mRNA-1273 vaccine and the development of tenosynovitis.
Recurrence of tenosynovitis after initial surgical management indicates a persistent inflammatory process.
Further investigation is warranted to understand the immunopathogenesis of vaccine-induced tenosynovitis.