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Related Concept Videos

Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

44.4K
The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
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Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway

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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...
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Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 8, 2025

Imaging Odor-Evoked Activities in the Mouse Olfactory Bulb using Optical Reflectance and Autofluorescence Signals
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Imaging Odor-Evoked Activities in the Mouse Olfactory Bulb using Optical Reflectance and Autofluorescence Signals

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Basal Forebrain Modulation of Olfactory Coding In Vivo.

Juan Pablo Venegas1, Marcela Navarrete1, Laura Orellana-Garcia1

  • 1Physiology Laboratory, Biology Department, Faculty of Science, University of Chile, Chile. Universidad de Chile University of Chile Chile.

International Journal of Psychological Research
|December 18, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review explores how basal forebrain activity, particularly in olfactory processing and decision-making, is studied using optogenetics and electrophysiology in rodents. It also examines basal forebrain differences in autism spectrum disorder.

Keywords:
GABAacetylcholineelectrophysiological recording.neuromodulationolfactory bulboptogeneticsensory processing

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Sensory Perception
  • Cognitive Function

Background:

  • Sensory perception is crucial for environmental interaction and adaptation.
  • The basal forebrain integrates sensory information and is vital for attention and alertness.
  • Dysfunctional sensory processing is a hallmark of autism spectrum disorder (ASD).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent optogenetic and electrophysiological research on basal forebrain function in rodents.
  • To elucidate the role of the basal forebrain in olfactory processing and decision-making.
  • To explore potential links between basal forebrain alterations and sensory abnormalities in ASD.

Main Methods:

  • Optogenetic approaches in rodent models.
  • In vivo electrophysiological recordings.
  • Review of existing literature on basal forebrain anatomy and physiology.

Main Results:

  • Optogenetics and electrophysiology provide insights into basal forebrain's role in sensory processing.
  • The basal forebrain is central to integrating sensory input for cognitive functions.
  • Evidence suggests anatomical and physiological differences in the ASD basal forebrain.

Conclusions:

  • The basal forebrain plays a critical role in sensory perception, olfactory processing, and decision-making.
  • Understanding basal forebrain function offers a pathway to investigate neurobiological underpinnings of ASD-related sensory issues.
  • Further research into the basal forebrain in ASD holds significant potential for understanding the disorder's neurobiology.