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Related Concept Videos

Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

3.5K
Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
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Vertebral Column: Regions and Curvature01:16

Vertebral Column: Regions and Curvature

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The vertebral column or spine is a flexible column that supports the head, neck, and body and  allows for their movements. It also protects the spinal cord.
Regions of the Vertebral Column
In an adult, the spine is subdivided into five regions: the cervical, the thoracic, the lumbar, the sacral, and the coccygeal region. The spine initially develops as a series of 33 vertebrae; after 20 years of age, the nine bones in the sacral region, five sacral, and four coccygeal bones fuse to form...
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Muscles of the Vertebral Column01:27

Muscles of the Vertebral Column

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The back muscles that lie deep into the thoracolumbar fascia are called intrinsic or true back muscles. These muscles are divided into four layers: superficial, intermediate, deep, and deepest layers.
Superficial Layer:
The superficial layer consists primarily of the splenius muscles, which include the splenius capitis and splenius cervicis. These muscles are mainly responsible for the head and cervical spine movements, including extension, rotation, and lateral bending. The splenius capitis...
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General Structure of a Vertebra01:30

General Structure of a Vertebra

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A typical vertebra, with the exception of the sacrum and coccyx, consists of a body, a vertebral arch, and seven different projections termed processes. The anterior portion of the vertebrae, the body, supports about half the body’s weight. The vertebral bodies progressively increase in size and thickness from the cervical region to the lumbar region of the vertebral column. The intervertebral discs present between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae firmly unites them, forming a continuous...
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Articulations of the Vertebral Column01:28

Articulations of the Vertebral Column

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In addition to being held together by the intervertebral discs, adjacent vertebrae also articulate with each other at synovial joints formed between the superior and inferior articular processes called zygapophysial joints (facet joints). These are plane joints that provide for only limited motions between the vertebrae. The orientation of the articular processes at these joints varies in different regions of the vertebral column and serves to determine the types of motions available in each...
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Bone Remodeling01:40

Bone Remodeling

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Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 8, 2025

Semiautomated Longitudinal Microcomputed Tomography-based Quantitative Structural Analysis of a Nude Rat Osteoporosis-related Vertebral Fracture Model
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Osteoporosis and Vertebral Column.

Ram Chaddha1,2, Gaurav Agrawal2, Shreel Koirala3

  • 1Head of Department, Orthopaedic Surgery, Lilavati Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai, India.

Indian Journal of Orthopaedics
|December 18, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Osteoporosis significantly impacts bone health, increasing risks for spinal fractures and complications, especially in the elderly. Effective management and surgical strategies are crucial for osteoporotic patients undergoing spinal procedures.

Keywords:
Degenerative kyphosisDegenerative scoliosisDegenerative spondylolisthesisFragility fractureInstrumentationOsteoporosisOsteoporotic vertebral fractureStenosisVertebral compression fracture

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Geriatrics
  • Metabolic Bone Disease

Background:

  • Osteoporosis is an age-related metabolic bone disease impacting bone health and quality of life.
  • It increases the risk of vertebral fractures, spinal deformities, and neurological complications, contributing to morbidity and mortality.
  • The rising geriatric population necessitates careful evaluation and treatment of osteoporosis before spinal surgery.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of the pathophysiological processes of osteoporosis in the vertebral column.
  • To offer guidelines for managing spine patients with osteoporosis-related pathologies.
  • To outline current techniques, strategies, and technologies for spine surgery in osteoporotic patients.

Main Methods:

  • Review of routinely cited articles from PubMed and NIH consensus development conferences.
  • Inclusion of World Health Organization recommendations.
  • Incorporation of authors' clinical experience and established protocols.

Main Results:

  • Historically, osteoporosis was a contraindication to spine surgery, leading to higher complication rates.
  • Improved understanding of osteoporosis pathophysiology and biomechanics aids management.
  • Advances in surgical and anesthetic techniques enable successful surgeries in high-risk osteoporotic patients.

Conclusions:

  • Adequate evaluation and treatment of osteoporosis are vital before spinal surgery.
  • Current understanding and techniques facilitate better outcomes for osteoporotic patients undergoing spinal procedures.
  • This review discusses biomechanics, diagnosis, management, and surgical advances for osteoporotic spines.