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Related Concept Videos

Bone Remodeling01:40

Bone Remodeling

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Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
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Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling01:31

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Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during...
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Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

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Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
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Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
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Transducer Mechanism: Nuclear Receptors01:31

Transducer Mechanism: Nuclear Receptors

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Nuclear receptors, or NRs, are unique transcription factors that regulate gene transcription and affect the cellular pathways involved in reproduction, development, or metabolism. Their ability to be stimulated by small lipophilic ligands and control vital cellular processes makes them ideal drug targets. Nearly 10-15% of currently prescribed drugs target these receptors.
About 48 different soluble family members of nuclear receptors are identified that can be divided into two main classes:
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Drug Distribution: Tissue Binding01:21

Drug Distribution: Tissue Binding

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Upon entering the systemic circulation, drugs can distribute into the interstitial and intracellular fluid of various tissue cells. This distribution is facilitated by the binding of drugs to different cellular components within tissues, which may lead to drug accumulation in specific areas. Drugs bound to tissue components serve as reservoirs that release free drugs back into the system, prolonging the drug's overall action. However, this accumulation can also result in local toxicity.
For...
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Updated: Jul 8, 2025

Estrogen-Like Effect of Bazi Bushen Capsule in Ovariectomized Rats
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Biologic Antiresorptive: Denosumab.

Lalit Kumar1, Mohit Kumar Arora1,2, Sunil Marwah1,2

  • 1Marengo Asia Hospital, Gurugram, Haryana India.

Indian Journal of Orthopaedics
|December 18, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Denosumab effectively treats osteoporosis by reducing bone loss and fracture risk. However, continuous treatment is crucial, as stopping it can cause rapid bone loss and vertebral fractures, necessitating alternative therapies.

Keywords:
AntiresorptiveBiologicDenosumabMonoclonal antibodyOsteoporosis treatment

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Area of Science:

  • Bone biology and pharmacology
  • Osteoporosis management
  • Biologic therapies

Background:

  • Osteoporosis is a common age-related bone disorder marked by low bone mineral density and increased fracture risk.
  • Antiresorptive medications target osteoclast activity to prevent bone loss.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the efficacy and safety of denosumab for osteoporosis.
  • To discuss challenges associated with denosumab discontinuation and the need for alternative therapies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical trial data on denosumab's effectiveness and safety.
  • Analysis of denosumab's mechanism of action (RANKL inhibition).
  • Examination of bone turnover and fracture risk following denosumab discontinuation.

Main Results:

  • Denosumab significantly improves bone mineral density and reduces fracture risk over 10 years.
  • Denosumab demonstrates a favorable benefit/risk profile with low complication rates.
  • Discontinuation of denosumab leads to rapid bone loss and increased vertebral fracture risk due to rebound bone turnover.

Conclusions:

  • Denosumab is a potent and safe biologic therapy for osteoporosis.
  • Continuous administration is necessary to maintain therapeutic benefits.
  • Transitioning to alternative anti-osteoporosis therapies is essential after denosumab discontinuation to prevent bone loss and fractures.