Bridging Validity Frameworks in Assessment: Beyond Traditional Approaches in Health Professions Education

High-stakes assessments measure several constructs, such as knowledge, competencies, and skills. In this case, validity evidence for test scores' uses and interpretations is of utmost importance, because of the consequences for everyone involved in their development and implementation. Educational assessment requires an appropriate understanding and use of validity frameworks; however, health professions educators still struggle with the conceptual challenges of validity, and frequently validity analyses have a narrow focus. Important obstacles are the plurality of validity frameworks and the difficulty of grounding these abstract concepts in practice. We reviewed the validity frameworks literature to identify the main elements of frequently used models (Messick and Kane's) and proposed linking frameworks including Russell's recent overarching proposal. Examples are provided with commonly used assessment instruments in health professions education. Several elements in these frameworks can be integrated into a common approach, matching and aligning Messick's sources of validity with Kane's four inference types. This proposal to contribute evidence for assessment inferences may provide guidance to understanding the use of validity evidence in applied settings. The evolving field of validity research provides opportunities for its integration and practical use in health professions education.