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    This study analyzes hybrid free space optics (FSO) and radio frequency (RF) systems enhanced by intelligent reflecting surfaces (IRSs). The hybrid FSO/RF system with IRSs demonstrates improved performance against atmospheric turbulence and fading.

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    Area of Science:

    • Optical Wireless Communications
    • Wireless Communication Systems
    • Information Theory

    Background:

    • Free space optics (FSO) systems face limitations from atmospheric turbulence, fog, and pointing errors.
    • Radio frequency (RF) systems are affected by rain and small-scale fading.
    • Hybrid FSO/RF systems leverage complementary strengths to overcome individual link vulnerabilities.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To analyze the performance of an intelligent reflecting surfaces (IRSs)-assisted hybrid FSO/RF communication system.
    • To evaluate the system's resilience against atmospheric turbulence (AT), pointing errors (PE), small-scale fading, and climatic attenuation.
    • To derive and validate analytical expressions for outage probability and average symbol error rate (ASER).

    Main Methods:

    • Modeling atmospheric turbulence using the gamma-gamma distribution.
    • Characterizing RF multipath fading with the Nakagami-m distribution.
    • Employing selection combining (SC) and maximal-ratio combining (MRC) techniques for signal reception.
    • Deriving exact closed-form expressions for performance metrics.
    • Verifying analytical results through Monte Carlo simulations.

    Main Results:

    • The IRSs-assisted hybrid FSO/RF system shows enhanced performance compared to direct link FSO and non-IRS hybrid systems.
    • Exact closed-form expressions for outage probability and ASER were derived for SC and MRC schemes.
    • Performance comparison between SC and MRC schemes was conducted, highlighting their respective advantages.
    • Monte Carlo simulations confirmed the accuracy of the derived analytical expressions.

    Conclusions:

    • The IRSs-assisted hybrid FSO/RF system offers a robust solution for mitigating environmental impairments in wireless communication.
    • The derived analytical expressions provide valuable tools for designing and optimizing such hybrid systems.
    • The study validates the effectiveness of diversity combining techniques in improving system reliability.