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Vision

Vision

Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.

Visual System

Visual System

Light enters the eye through the cornea, a transparent, dome-shaped surface covering the surface of the eyeball that helps to direct and focus incoming light. This light is then channeled toward the pupil, an adjustable opening whose size is controlled by the iris. The iris, a pigmented muscle, regulates the amount of light entering the eye by contracting or dilating the pupil, thereby ensuring optimal light levels for clear vision.
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The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
Motor Areas
The motor areas located in the frontal lobe are central to controlling voluntary movements. This region is further subdivided into the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex....

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 8, 2025

Monocular Visual Deprivation and Ocular Dominance Plasticity Measurement in the Mouse Primary Visual Cortex

Monocular Visual Deprivation and Ocular Dominance Plasticity Measurement in the Mouse Primary Visual Cortex

Published on: February 8, 2020

Normalization in mouse primary visual cortex.

Zaina A Zayyad^1,2, John H R Maunsell^2,3,4, Jason N MacLean^2,3,4

¹Interdisciplinary Scientist Training Program, University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States of America.

|December 18, 2023

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Mouse visual cortical neurons show response normalization, a process where combined stimuli yield a response near the average of individual stimuli. This phenomenon, previously studied in cats and macaques, is present in mice.

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Visual System
Computational Neuroscience

Background:

Neuronal responses to multiple stimuli are often sublinear, a phenomenon termed normalization.
Normalization in the mammalian visual cortex is well-documented in macaques and cats.
Understanding normalization is key to deciphering visual information processing.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate visually evoked normalization in the mouse visual cortex.
To compare normalization in mice with findings from other mammalian species.
To characterize normalization across different layers of the primary visual cortex (V1).

Main Methods:

In vivo calcium imaging of layer 2/3 (L2/3) V1 excitatory neurons in awake mice.
Electrophysiological recordings across multiple layers of V1 in awake mice.
Analysis of neuronal responses to single and multiple visual stimuli.

Main Results:

Mouse visual cortical neurons demonstrate normalization, with response magnitudes deviating from a linear sum of individual stimulus responses.
Normalization strength varies among neurons but follows distributions comparable to those in cats and macaques.
On average, normalization in mice appears slightly weaker than reported in macaques and cats.

Conclusions:

Visually evoked normalization is a conserved mechanism across mammalian species, including mice.
The mouse V1 provides a valuable model for studying normalization and visual processing.
Further research can explore the circuit mechanisms underlying normalization in the mouse visual cortex.