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A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is used to study the surface features of a sample by using an electron beam that scans the sample surface in a two-dimensional manner. Typically, areas between ~1 centimeter to 5 micrometers in width can be imaged. SEM can be used to image bacteria, viruses, tissues as well as larger samples like insects. Conventional SEM gives a magnification ranging from 20X to 30,000X and spatial resolution of 50 to 100 nanometers.
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Microstructural changes in the irradiated and osteoradionecrotic bone: a SEM study.

P Sridhar Reddy1, Kaapo Villikka1, Bina Kashyap1

  • 1Institute of Dentistry, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.

Ultrastructural Pathology
|December 20, 2023
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Radiotherapy significantly alters human mandible microstructure, reducing osteons, osteocytes, and vascularity. These changes, observed via scanning electron microscopy (SEM), increase the risk of osteoradionecrosis (ORN) long-term.

Keywords:
Irradiationmandibleosteocytesosteoradionecrosisscanning electron microscopy

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Area of Science:

  • Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
  • Biomaterials Science
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Radiation therapy for head and neck cancers can negatively impact mandibular bone metabolism and healing.
  • Osteoradionecrosis (ORN) is a serious complication of radiotherapy, characterized by bone death and impaired healing.
  • Understanding radiotherapy-induced microstructural changes is crucial for managing ORN risk.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the microstructural alterations in human mandibular bone following radiotherapy using scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
  • To compare bone microstructural parameters between control, irradiated, and osteoradionecrosis (ORN) patient groups.

Main Methods:

  • Mandibular cortical bone biopsies were collected from three groups: control, irradiated, and ORN patients.
  • Bone samples underwent preparation for light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
  • SEM analysis quantified osteons, Haversian canals (HC), osteon diameter (D.O), HC diameter (D.HC), osteonal wall thickness (O.W.Th), osteocytes, and osteocytic dendrites.

Main Results:

  • Irradiated and ORN bone samples showed significant reductions in osteons, D.O, D.HC, O.W.Th, osteocytes, and osteocytic dendrites compared to controls (p < .05).
  • A non-significant decrease in Haversian canals (HC) was observed in irradiated and ORN bone.
  • Long-term radiation effects (>5 years) demonstrate progressive deterioration of bone quality, structure, cellularity, and vascularity.

Conclusions:

  • Radiotherapy induces significant long-term microstructural damage to the human mandible.
  • These microscopic changes impair bone quality, cellularity, and vascularity, increasing susceptibility to ORN.
  • SEM provides valuable insights into the pathogenesis of radiation-induced bone damage and ORN.