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Updated: Aug 10, 2026
Cone Beam Intraoperative Computed Tomography-based Image Guidance for Minimally Invasive Transforaminal Interbody Fusion
Published on: August 6, 2019
Is Age a Risk Factor for Early Postoperative Cage Subsidence After Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion? A
Yuancheng Zhang1,2,3,4, Corina Nüesch1,2,3,5, Annegret Mündermann1,2,3,5
1Department of Spine Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
Study Design:
Retrospective observational study.
Objectives:
We aim to evaluate whether age is a risk factor for cage subsidence, and whether other patient characteristics, preoperative radiological or imaging parameters are associated with cage subsidence and the need for revision surgery in patients undergoing transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF).
Methods:
Patient demographics and surgery-related information were extracted. Cage subsidence was evaluated using upright standing sagittal plane X-rays and defined as more than 2 mm migration of the cage into the adjacent vertebral body. Patients who received revision surgery within 1 year for any reason were recorded. Radiographic parameters were measured. Univariable logistic regression models were used to evaluate the risk factors for cage subsidence and need for revision surgery.
Results:
At 3-month and 1-year follow-up, cage subsidence was observed in 28 patients (16.5%) and 58 patients (34.1%), respectively. Twenty-seven patients received revision surgery within the first year after TLIF. Age (odds ratio (OR): 1.07 per year) and male sex (OR: 2.76) had a significantly increased odds ratio for cage subsidence 3 months after TLIF. Male sex (OR: 2.55) but not age was a significant risk factor for cage subsidence 1 year after TLIF. Of all assessed risk factors, only BMI (OR: 1.11 per kg/m2) had a significantly increased risk for the need of revision surgery.
Conclusions:
Age was associated with cage subsidence 3 months but not 1 year after TLIF suggesting that age is only a risk factor for early cage subsidence and not in a longer follow-up.
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