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Circadian Rhythms and Gene Regulation

Circadian Rhythms and Gene Regulation

The biological clock is involved in many aspects of regulating complex physiology in all animals. It was in 1935 when German zoologists, Hans Kalmus and Erwin Bünning, discovered the existence of circadian rhythm in Drosophila melanogaster. However, the internal molecular mechanisms behind the circadian clock remained a mystery until 1984, when Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash, and Michael W. Young discovered the expression of the Per gene oscillating over a 24-hour cycle. In subsequent...

Meiosis II

Meiosis II

Meiosis II entails cell division and segregation of the sister chromatids, resulting in the production of four unique haploid gametes. The steps for meiosis II are similar to mitosis, except that meiosis II occurs in haploid cells, whereas mitosis occurs in diploid cells.
The timing and cell division patterns of meiosis differ between males and females. In male meiosis, the centrosomes are part of the formation of the meiotic spindle. However, in oocytes, including that of humans, Drosophila,...

Cell Specific Gene Expression

Cell Specific Gene Expression

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...

Positive Regulator Molecules

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Mitotic cell division results in daughter cells that exactly resemble the parent cell. However, errors in the DNA replication or distribution of genetic material may lead to genetic mutations that may be passed down to every new cell formed from the resulting abnormal cell. Propagation of such mutant cells is restricted through checkpoint mechanisms present at different stages of the cell cycle. These checkpoints involve regulator molecules that either promote or demote cell cycle events.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 7, 2025

Parallel Measurement of Circadian Clock Gene Expression and Hormone Secretion in Human Primary Cell Cultures

Parallel Measurement of Circadian Clock Gene Expression and Hormone Secretion in Human Primary Cell Cultures

Published on: November 11, 2016

Core clock gene, Bmal1, is required for optimal second-level interval production.

Yoon Kyoung Kim¹, Han Kyoung Choe^1,2,3

¹Department of Brain Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Republic of Korea.

Animal Cells and Systems

|December 21, 2023

Summary

The core clock gene Bmal1 is essential for precise interval timing in mice, influencing their ability to perform tasks requiring accurate time perception. This finding highlights the link between circadian rhythms and motor control.

Keywords:

Bmal1 Interval timing circadian rhythm core molecular clock motor timing

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Last Updated: Jul 7, 2025

Parallel Measurement of Circadian Clock Gene Expression and Hormone Secretion in Human Primary Cell Cultures

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Chronobiology
Behavioral Science

Background:

Second-level interval timing is crucial for motor control and cognitive functions.
Disruptions in interval timing are observed in neurological disorders.
Circadian patterns in interval timing suggest a role for the internal clock.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the role of core clock molecules in interval timing capacity.
To determine if the core molecular clock controls the circadian pattern of interval timing.

Main Methods:

Developed an interval timing task for mice involving timed nose pokes for reward.
Utilized wild-type mice to establish baseline circadian performance.
Employed Bmal1 knockout mice (BKO) to assess the gene's necessity for interval timing.

Main Results:

Wild-type mice exhibited a circadian pattern in interval perception, peaking during the late active phase.
Bmal1 knockout mice showed no difference in interval production between active phases.
BKO mice failed to achieve the optimal interval production levels seen in wild-type.

Conclusions:

The core clock gene Bmal1 is required for optimal prospective motor timing.
Bmal1 plays a critical role in the circadian regulation of interval timing performance.