The panzootic potential of SARS-CoV-2

Area of Science:

• Veterinary Medicine
• Virology
• Genomics
• Conservation Biology

Background:

• Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) demonstrates a broad and increasing host range across mammalian species.
• Understanding viral evolution and host adaptation is crucial for managing zoonotic disease spread.
• Previous research identified the Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor as a key factor in viral susceptibility.

Purpose of the Study:

• To analyze the host-range potential of SARS-CoV-2 by integrating mammalian phylogeny with genetic data from mammalian isolates.
• To identify mammalian clades and families requiring enhanced surveillance for SARS-CoV-2.
• To propose a more fitting terminology for the global spread of SARS-CoV-2.

Main Methods:

• Phylogenetic analysis of mammalian species.
• Comparative genomic analysis of SARS-CoV-2 isolates from various mammalian hosts.
• Assessment of ACE2 receptor conservation across susceptible species.

Main Results:

• SARS-CoV-2 infections in nonhuman mammals largely mirror contemporary human strains, with some species exhibiting unique genetic signatures due to extensive viral circulation.
• ACE2 receptor conservation is not the sole determinant of host susceptibility.
• Specific mammalian clades and families have been identified as high-priority candidates for increased SARS-CoV-2 surveillance.

Conclusions:

• The widespread and diverse host range of SARS-CoV-2 warrants a shift in terminology from 'pandemic' to 'panzootic' to accurately represent the global zoonotic event.
• Enhanced surveillance strategies, including systematic screening in identified high-risk mammalian populations, are essential for effective management.
• Policy actions should be inclusive, addressing the broader ecological and epidemiological scope of the virus.