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Related Concept Videos

Personal Protective Equipment01:20

Personal Protective Equipment

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Personal protective equipment (PPE) is unique clothing or equipment worn by an employee to minimize or prevent exposure to infectious agents. PPE creates a barrier between the employee and the infectious materials. PPE must be readily available in the patient care area. PPE includes gloves, gowns and aprons, masks and respirators, goggles, face shields, shoes, and headcovers:
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Standard Precaution01:26

Standard Precaution

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Standard precautions are the minimum infection control safeguards used while caring for all patients, irrespective of their disease condition. They help prevent the spread of common infectious microorganisms to healthcare workers, patients, and visitors in all healthcare settings.
Hand hygiene is the most crucial means to prevent the transmission of disease. Employers are legally required to provide their workers with personal protective equipment (PPE) to minimize exposure or contact with...
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PPE Use in Healthcare Settings I: Donning01:22

PPE Use in Healthcare Settings I: Donning

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Donning PPE must be completed before contact with the patient. This process protects from infectious agents. The sequence and action included in each donning are critical, and the steps must be systematic to avoid exposure to pathogens. The institutional policy also needs to be followed while donning PPE. The pre-donning preparations are gathering equipment, inspecting the PPE equipment for tears, holes, or damage, removing jewelry, removing any garments below the elbows, and tying the hair...
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Transmission-based Precautions II: Airborne and Protective Environment01:25

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Transmission-based precautions are for patients infected or suspected to be infected (or colonized) with organisms posing a significant risk to others. The transmission precautions include airborne and protective environment precautions.
Airborne precautions:
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PPE Use in Healthcare Settings II: Doffing01:10

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The sequence of removing or doffing PPE starts with the gloves, as they are the most contaminated. Next is removal of the face shield or goggles, as they would interfere with removing other PPE. Then remove the gown, followed by the mask or respirator. Perform hand hygiene between steps if hands become contaminated and immediately after removing all PPE. Generally, the outside front and sleeves of the isolation gown, the goggles or the mask, the respirator, and the face shield are contaminated.
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Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures01:22

Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures

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Essential infection prevention measures are based on the knowledge of the infection chain, the modes of transmission in healthcare settings, and the use of the best practices in all healthcare settings. Compulsory public reporting of healthcare-associated infection rates is needed to allow individuals and the community to make informed choices regarding selecting a healthcare facility.
The best practices for preventing healthcare-associated infections include hand hygiene, patient risk...
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Front-Line Health Care Workers' COVID-19 Infection Contamination Risks: A Human Factors and Risk Analysis Study of

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Healthcare workers (HCWs) frequently deviate from personal protective equipment (PPE) protocols during donning and doffing, leading to high rates of self-contamination. This increases infection risks, especially during PPE reuse.

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Area of Science:

  • Healthcare epidemiology
  • Infection control and prevention
  • Occupational health and safety

Background:

  • Complex protocols for donning and doffing personal protective equipment (PPE) increase infectious risks.
  • Deviations from PPE protocols during reuse exacerbate health care worker (HCW) self-contamination risks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify behaviors associated with known risks in PPE use and reuse.
  • To assess HCW adherence to established PPE donning and doffing protocols.

Main Methods:

  • Prospective study involving emergency department HCWs.
  • Video-recording of PPE donning and doffing procedures five times per participant during simulated encounters.
  • Behavioral coding by trained coders using an evidence-based guide.

Main Results:

  • All 28 participants deviated from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) protocol order.
  • Over 92% of HCWs self-contaminated at least once per simulated encounter.
  • Observed behaviors compounded self-contamination risks, particularly during PPE reuse.

Conclusions:

  • Significant variations in PPE donning/doffing behaviors exist among experienced HCWs.
  • Further research is needed to identify specific high-risk deviations and necessary CDC protocol modifications.
  • Enhanced protocols are crucial for protecting HCWs from infection.