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The glycocalyx is a carbohydrate-rich, fuzzy-appearing layer on the outer surface of the cell membrane. It is highly hydrophilic, because of this it attracts large amounts of water to the cell's surface. This aids the cell's interaction with the watery environment and also helps it to obtain substances dissolved in the water. It is also important for cell identification, self/non-self determination, and embryonic development and is used in cell-to-cell attachments to form tissues.
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The early pioneers of microscopy opened a window into the invisible world of microorganisms. In 1830, Joseph Jackson Lister created an essentially modern light microscope. The 20th century saw the development of microscopes that leveraged nonvisible light, such as fluorescence microscopy that uses an ultraviolet light source and electron microscopy that uses short-wavelength electron beams. These advances significantly improved magnification, image resolution, and contrast. By comparison, the...
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Scanning Probe Microscopy Techniques for Studying the Cell Glycocalyx.

Dmitry Kolesov1,2, Anna Astakhova2, Maria Galdobina2

  • 1Moscow Polytechnic University, 107023 Moscow, Russia.

Cells
|December 22, 2023
PubMed
Summary

The glycocalyx, a cell surface layer, is challenging to study. Scanning probe microscopy offers insights into its structure and nanomechanics, especially in mechanosensitive cells.

Keywords:
atomic force nanoindentationcell nanomechanicsglycocalyxscanning probe microscopy

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Area of Science:

  • Biophysics
  • Cell Biology
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • The glycocalyx is a complex carbohydrate layer on cell surfaces, crucial for cell interactions and mechanosensing.
  • Its intricate structure and environmental sensitivity pose significant research challenges.
  • Key components include glycoproteins and proteoglycans, vital for cellular functions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review scanning probe microscopy (SPM) applications for investigating the glycocalyx.
  • To highlight SPM's role in characterizing glycocalyx nanomechanical properties.
  • To discuss challenges in data interpretation and pathological changes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of studies utilizing scanning probe microscopy (SPM) techniques.
  • Focus on SPM for imaging and nanomechanical property measurements.
  • Analysis of analytical models for indirect data interpretation.

Main Results:

  • SPM provides detailed imaging of the glycocalyx structure.
  • Nanomechanical measurements reveal properties vital for mechanosensitive cells like endothelial cells.
  • Pathological processes significantly alter glycocalyx properties, observable via SPM.

Conclusions:

  • SPM is a powerful tool for understanding glycocalyx structure and function.
  • Nanomechanics of the glycocalyx is critical for cellular mechanosensing.
  • Further research is needed to refine data interpretation and understand pathological alterations.