Adiponectin-mediated regulation of the adiponectin cascade in cardiovascular disease: Updates

The endocrine function of white adipose tissue is characterized by the synthesis of one its main hormones: adiponectin. Although the biological role of adiponectin has not been fully defined, clinical and experimental observations have shown that low plasma concentrations of adiponectin participate in the prevalence of insulin resistance and cardiovascular diseases, mainly in obese patients. Adiponectin also exerts its effects on the heart and blood vessels, thereby influencing their physiology. Studying the effects of adiponectin presents some complexities, primarily due to potential cross-interactions and interference with other pathways, such as the AdipoR1/R2 pathways. Under optimal conditions, the activation of the adiponectin cascade may involve signals such as AMPK and PPARα. Interestingly, these pathways may trigger similar responses, such as fatty acid oxidation. Understanding the downstream effectors of these pathways is crucial to comprehend the extent to which adiponectin signaling impacts metabolism. In this review, the aim is to explore the current mechanisms that regulate the adiponectin pathways. Additionally, updates on the major downstream factors involved in adiponectin signaling are provided, specifically in relation to metabolic syndrome and atherosclerosis.