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Immunological Memory01:23

Immunological Memory

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Immunological memory, a pivotal pillar of the adaptive immune system, is responsible for the body's ability to remember and respond more swiftly and effectively to previously encountered pathogens. This remarkable feature is what makes vaccines so effective in preventing diseases.
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Introduction to Innate and Adaptive Immunity01:21

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The human immune system is a complex defense mechanism that protects the body from harmful pathogens and foreign substances. It comprises two crucial components: innate and adaptive immunity.
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Stages of infection describe what happens to a susceptible host once a pathogen invades the human body. The stages of infection are incubation, prodromal, illness, stage of decline, and convalescence. The incubation stage is the period from exposure to a pathogen until symptoms start. The infected person is unaware of impending illness as the pathogens grow and multiply within the body. The duration may vary depending on the type of infection. The incubation period of measles averages ten to...
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Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

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The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
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Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection01:26

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The hosts' susceptibility to infection depends on several factors. The integrity of the skin and mucous membranes helps protect the body against microbial attacks. When the skin is altered, the chance of infection, limb loss, and even death increases.
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Enduring echoes: Post-infectious long-term changes in innate immunity.

Elisabeth A Dulfer1, Leo A B Joosten2, Mihai G Netea3

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European Journal of Internal Medicine
|December 22, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Trained immunity, a reprogramming of immune cells, explains long-term post-infectious symptoms. This immune training can offer protection or lead to harmful inflammation and immune paralysis.

Keywords:
Infectious diseasesInnate immunityPost-infectious complicationsTrained immunity

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • The immune system's response to pathogens is usually acute and self-limiting.
  • Long-term post-infectious symptoms can persist for months or years.
  • Trained immunity, involving epigenetic and metabolic reprogramming of innate immune cells, is a key concept for understanding these prolonged effects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the adaptive and maladaptive consequences of infectious diseases.
  • To explore the role of trained immunity in long-term post-infectious sequelae.
  • To discuss host-directed interventions for immune dysregulation.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of trained immunity and post-infectious syndromes.
  • Analysis of epigenetic and metabolic rewiring in innate immune cells.
  • Synthesis of current understanding of immune dysregulation following infection.

Main Results:

  • Trained immunity can enhance protection against reinfection but also cause detrimental outcomes.
  • Persistent inflammation due to trained immunity can lead to tissue damage and cardiovascular complications.
  • Suppressed immune function, or immune paralysis, can result from long-lasting epigenetic changes.

Conclusions:

  • Trained immunity presents a dual role, offering protection or contributing to pathology.
  • Understanding distinct trained immunity programs is crucial for predicting host outcomes.
  • Tailoring host-directed interventions is essential for managing long-term immune dysregulation and advancing therapeutic strategies.