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Many receptor binding ligands are hydrophilic; they do not cross the cell membrane but bind to cell-surface receptors. Thus, their message must be relayed by second messengers present in the cell cytoplasm. There are several second messenger pathways, each with its own way of relaying information. For example, the G protein-coupled receptors can activate both phosphoinositol and cyclic AMP (cAMP) second messenger pathways. The phosphoinositol pathway is active when the receptor induces...
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Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in the regulation of gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
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Nucleotides as Bacterial Second Messengers.

Mario E Cancino-Diaz1, Claudia Guerrero-Barajas2, Gabriel Betanzos-Cabrera3

  • 1Departamentos Microbiología and Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Manuel Carpio, Plutarco Elías Calles, Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de México 11350, Mexico.

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
|December 23, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Nucleotides like cyclic AMP (cAMP) and cyclic di-nucleotides (c-di-nucleotides) are crucial bacterial second messengers regulating growth, virulence, and host interactions. Understanding these molecules offers therapeutic potential.

Keywords:
bacteriacyclic AMPcyclic di-AMPcyclic di-GMPpppGppsecond messengers

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Nucleotides serve dual roles as nucleic acid monomers and signaling molecules.
  • Cyclic nucleotides, including cyclic AMP (cAMP), cyclic di-AMP (c-di-AMP), and cyclic di-GMP (c-di-GMP), are vital second messengers in bacteria.
  • Alarmones such as pppGpp and ppGpp regulate bacterial stress responses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the diverse roles of cyclic di-nucleotides and cAMP as second messengers in bacterial processes.
  • To highlight the involvement of these molecules in bacterial growth, biofilm formation, sporulation, cell differentiation, motility, and virulence.
  • To discuss the potential of nucleotide signaling molecules as therapeutic agents due to their immunological functions.

Main Methods:

  • This review synthesizes existing research on bacterial nucleotide signaling.
  • Literature analysis focusing on the functions of c-di-nucleotides, cAMP, and alarmones.
  • Exploration of studies investigating the impact of bacterial second messengers on eukaryotic host cells.

Main Results:

  • Cyclic di-nucleotides and cAMP regulate fundamental bacterial behaviors including growth, motility, and virulence.
  • Bacterial cyclic di-nucleotides can modulate eukaryotic host cell functions, aiding pathogen invasion.
  • Alarmones (pppGpp, ppGpp) are key regulators of the bacterial stringent response to nutritional stress.

Conclusions:

  • Cyclic di-nucleotides and cAMP are essential regulators of bacterial physiology and pathogenesis.
  • Bacterial nucleotide signaling pathways present potential targets for antimicrobial therapies.
  • The immunological properties of these molecules suggest applications in modulating host-pathogen interactions.