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Related Concept Videos

Esophageal Strictures-II: Clinical Features and Management01:26

Esophageal Strictures-II: Clinical Features and Management

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Patients with esophageal strictures often experience a range of symptoms. Initially, they may have difficulty swallowing solid foods, which can progress to include liquids. Additional symptoms may involve chest pain or discomfort, regurgitating food and fluids, heartburn, unintentional weight loss, coughing or choking during meals, and hoarseness.
Healthcare providers should gather a comprehensive medical history and conduct a physical examination for diagnosis. If esophageal stricture is...
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Esophageal Strictures-I: Introduction01:30

Esophageal Strictures-I: Introduction

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Esophageal strictures involve abnormal narrowing or tightening of the esophagus. They vary in length and severity, ranging from mild constriction to complete obstruction, and are classified as benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous).
Etiology
The primary cause of esophageal strictures is long-standing gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), accounting for about 70 to 80% of adult cases. Chronic acid reflux can lead to injury and scarring of the esophageal lining, culminating in...
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Suctioning the Oropharyngeal Airway01:25

Suctioning the Oropharyngeal Airway

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In preparing for oropharyngeal airway suctioning, a nurse must gather all necessary equipment, including a suction unit with tubing, a prepackaged suction kit, sterile gloves, water or saline for irrigation, a water-soluble lubricant, and additional personal protective equipment (such as a gown, mask, and goggles) to control infections.
After assembling the equipment, the nurse should practice hand hygiene and don appropriate PPE according to infection control guidelines to avoid the...
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Esophageal Varices-II: Clinical Features and Management01:28

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Esophageal varices often manifest as gastrointestinal bleeding episodes, presenting symptoms like hematemesis (vomiting of blood), hematochezia (passing fresh blood via the rectum), and melena (black, tarry stools). Other signs can include weight loss, anorexia, abdominal discomfort, jaundice, pruritus, altered mental status, and muscle cramps.
In the initial assessment, a thorough review of the patient's medical history is vital to identify risk factors such as liver disease, alcohol...
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Esophageal Varices-I: Introduction01:24

Esophageal Varices-I: Introduction

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Esophageal varices are dilated, tortuous veins which are found mainly in the submucosa of the lower esophagus but which may also appear higher up or extend into the stomach. They develop due to increased pressure in the portal venous system, often as a result of liver cirrhosis. This condition scars and damages the liver, impeding normal blood flow through the portal vein. To compensate, blood seeks alternative pathways, forming fragile new vessels (varices) in the esophagus and stomach. These...
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Tracheostomy Care II: Procedure01:25

Tracheostomy Care II: Procedure

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Tracheostomy care is an essential nursing skill that involves cleaning and maintaining a tracheostomy tube to prevent infection and other complications. Here's a step-by-step guide explaining each procedure with its rationale. Note that disposable gloves are to be worn at all times and changed as often as needed to maintain a sterile work environment, and to protect both patient and healthcare worker.
Step 1: Perform hand hygiene, and put on personal protective equipment: gown, gloves, mask...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 7, 2025

Subcutaneous Neurotrophin 4 Infusion Using Osmotic Pumps or Direct Muscular Injection Enhances Aging Rat Laryngeal Muscles
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Vocal Fold Fat injection for Glottic Insufficiency: Systematic Review.

Andrea M Campagnolo1, Jaqueline Priston2, Vinícius Nickel3

  • 1Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Journal of Voice : Official Journal of the Voice Foundation
|December 23, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Vocal fold fat injection is a safe and effective treatment for glottic insufficiency (GI), improving vocal quality for at least 12 months. Further research is needed to standardize techniques and improve long-term outcome predictability.

Keywords:
Autologous fatFat injectionGlottic insufficiencyVocal folds

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Author Spotlight: Advancements in the Fabrication of Synthetic Vocal Fold Models for Phonetic and Robotic Applications
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Author Spotlight: Advancements in the Fabrication of Synthetic Vocal Fold Models for Phonetic and Robotic Applications
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Area of Science:

  • Otolaryngology
  • Regenerative Medicine

Background:

  • Glottic insufficiency (GI) affects vocal fold function.
  • Vocal fold fat injection offers advantages like pliability and stem cell potential.
  • Long-term outcomes of fat injection for GI remain unpredictable.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review published literature on vocal fold fat injection for GI.
  • To evaluate the safety and efficacy of fat injection laryngoplasty.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature search of PubMed, Cochrane, and Embase.
  • Inclusion criteria based on PICOTS and PRISMA statements.
  • Outcomes included technique, duration, perceptual/acoustic analysis, and quality of life.

Main Results:

  • 13 studies with 472 patients undergoing fat injection laryngoplasty for GI were reviewed.
  • Significant improvements in maximum phonation time (MPT) and Voice Handicap Index (VHI) were observed at 1 year.
  • Heterogeneity in techniques (harvest, processing, injection) and limited objective evaluations were noted.

Conclusions:

  • Fat injection laryngoplasty appears safe and effective for GI for at least 12 months.
  • Favorable outcomes are reported, but limitations include lack of control groups and nonstandardized methods.
  • Further standardization and objective evaluations are necessary to fully assess long-term efficacy.