Functionalization of Phosphate and Tellurite Glasses and Spherical Whispering Gallery Mode Microresonators

Active whispering gallery mode resonators made as spherical microspheres doped with quantum dots or rare earth ions achieve high quality factors and are excellent candidates for biosensors capable of detecting biomolecules at low concentrations. However, to produce quantum dot-doped microspheres, new low melting temperature glasses are sought, which require surface functionalization and antibody immobilization for biosensor development. Here, we demonstrate the successful functionalization of three low melting point glasses and microspheres made of them. The glasses were made from sodium borophosphate, sodium aluminophosphate, and tellurite, and then, they were functionalized using (3-glycidyloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane in ethanol- and toluene-based protocols. Proper silanization was confirmed by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and fluorescence microscopy of an amino-modified luminescent oligonucleotide probe. Fluorescence imaging showed successful silanization for all tested samples and no degradation for aluminophosphate and tellurite glasses. The strongest signal was registered for tellurite glass samples functionalized using the toluene-based silanization protocol. This conclusion implies that this functionalization method is the most efficient and is highly recommended for future antibody immobilization and biosensing application.