Glucosamine derived hydrothermal carbon electrodes for aqueous electrolyte energy storage systems

Nitrogen-doped porous hard carbons are synthesized by hydrothermal carbonization method (HTC) using glucosamine as biosource and treated at different carbonization temperatures in nitrogen environment (500, 750, 1000 °C). The electrochemical performances of hard carbons electrode materials for aqueous electrolyte sodium ion batteries are examined to observe the effect of two different voltage ranges (-0.8-0.0) V and (0.0-0.8) V in 1.0 M Na₂SO₄ aqueous electrolyte. The best electrochemical performances are acquired for the 1000 °C treated glucosamine (GA-1000) porous carbon sample that provides ~96 F/g capacitance value in the negative voltage range (between -0.8 and 0.0) V. The sodium diffusion coefficient of the GA-1000 carbon calculated by electrochemical impedance measurements is found to be 1.5 × 10^-14 cm²/s.