Absolute values of ras p21 defined by direct binding liquid competition radioimmunoassays

Several distinct and high-conserved genes comprise the ras gene family of rodents and humans, i.e., rodent Harvey and Kirsten, and human Harvey, Kirsten and neuroblastoma. Transformation, either by a point-mutation resulting in a change in one amino acid of the 21 kDa ras gene product (p21), or by increased expression of ras p21, has been demonstrated to be mediated by members of this gene family. We report here the development of direct binding liquid competition radioimmunoassays for the detection and quantitation of the ras oncogene and proto-oncogene products. Using these radioimmunoassays and ras p21 purified from Escherichia coli containing the full-length T24 mutant human Harvey ras gene protein product as a standard, we have defined the actual amount of ras p21 per micrograms of total cellular protein, or per cell, in various ras transformed and 'normal' mammalian cell lines. One of the radioimmunoassays developed is group-specific, since the antigenic determinant recognized is shared by both the point-mutated and proto-forms of Harvey, Kirsten and neuroblastoma members of the ras gene family, while the second may be termed type-selective, since it recognizes an antigenic determinant localized primarily on the Harvey ras p21. Both radioimmunoassays are interspecies, since they detect a ras p21 antigenic determinant common to cells of human and rodent origin. These studies thus describe the first means for defining absolute values of any oncogene or proto-oncogene protein product. The assays described, when used in combination with specific c-DNA probes to define specific ras proto-oncogenes or point-mutated oncogenes being expressed, will now permit truly quantitative analyses of ras p21 expression in experimental cell culture systems, animal models and human biopsy material.