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Related Concept Videos

Background and Environment Affect Phenotype02:27

Background and Environment Affect Phenotype

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Although the genetic makeup of an organism plays a major role in determining the phenotype, there are also several environmental factors, such as temperature, oxygen availability, presence of mutagens, that can alter an organism’s phenotype.
An example of how genetic background affects phenotype can be seen in horses. The Extension gene in horses is responsible for their coat color. A wild-type gene (EE) produces black pigment in the coat, while a mutant gene (ee) produces red pigment. A...
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Gregor Mendel's work (1822 - 1884) was primarily focused on pea plants. Through his initial experiments, he determined that every gene in a diploid cell has two variants called alleles inherited from each parent. He suggested that amongst these two alleles, one allele is dominant in character and the other recessive. The combination of alleles determines the phenotype of a gene in an organism.
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While Mendel’s Law of Segregation states that the two alleles for one gene are separated into different gametes, a different question of how different genes are inherited remains. For example, is the gene for tall plants inherited with the gene for green peas? Mendel asked this question by experimenting with a dihybrid cross; a cross in which both parents are homozygous for two distinct traits resulting in an F1 generation that are heterozygous for both traits.
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In addition to multiple alleles at the same locus influencing traits, numerous genes or alleles at different locations may interact and influence phenotypes in a phenomenon called epistasis. For example, rabbit fur can be black or brown depending on whether the animal is homozygous dominant or heterozygous at a TYRP1 locus. However, if the rabbit is also homozygous recessive at a locus on the tyrosinase gene (TYR), it will have an unshaded coat that appears white, regardless of its TYRP1...
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Although Mendel chose seven unrelated traits in peas to study gene segregation, most traits involve multiple gene interactions that create a spectrum of phenotypes. When the interaction of various genes or alleles at different locations influences a phenotype, this is called epistasis. Epistasis often involves one gene masking or interfering with the expression of another (antagonistic epistasis). Epistasis often occurs when different genes are part of the same biochemical pathway. The...
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Optimizing the Use of a Liquid Handling Robot to Conduct a High Throughput Forward Chemical Genetics Screen of Arabidopsis thaliana
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Influence of Admixture on Phenotypes.

Steven W Brugger1, Mary F Davis1

  • 1Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah.

Current Protocols
|December 26, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Genetic analyses must account for genetic admixture in diverse populations. Understanding how admixture influences traits is crucial for accurate genetic variation modeling in African-descent and Latino individuals.

Keywords:
admixture mappingdifferential allele frequencylinkage disequilibriumphenotype

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Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Population Genetics
  • Genomic Ancestry

Background:

  • Genetic studies have historically focused on European populations with homogenous genomes.
  • Analytical methods are often optimized for these homogenous genomes.
  • African-descent and Latino individuals have complex genomes due to mosaic genomic ancestry.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the impact of genetic admixture on phenotypic expression in admixed individuals.
  • To explain how genetic concepts influence phenotypes in diverse populations.
  • To highlight the need for quantifying genetic admixture in genetic analyses.

Main Methods:

  • Review of fundamental genetic concepts.
  • Exploration of the interaction between linkage disequilibrium, differential allele frequency, and genetic admixture.
  • Analysis of the influence on phenotypic expression.

Main Results:

  • Genetic admixture significantly impacts phenotypic expression in admixed individuals.
  • Linkage disequilibrium and differential allele frequency interact with admixture to uniquely influence traits.
  • Accurate modeling requires quantification of genetic admixture.

Conclusions:

  • Genetic admixture presents unique challenges and influences in genetic studies of diverse populations.
  • Standard genetic methods may require adaptation for admixed genomes.
  • Quantifying admixture is essential for precise genotype-phenotype correlation in African-descent and Latino individuals.