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A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is used to study the surface features of a sample by using an electron beam that scans the sample surface in a two-dimensional manner. Typically, areas between ~1 centimeter to 5 micrometers in width can be imaged. SEM can be used to image bacteria, viruses, tissues as well as larger samples like insects. Conventional SEM gives a magnification ranging from 20X to 30,000X and spatial resolution of 50 to 100 nanometers.
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The wavelengths of visible light ultimately limit the maximum theoretical resolution of images created by light microscopes. Most light microscopes can only magnify 1000X, and a few can magnify up to 1500X. Electrons, like electromagnetic radiation, can behave like waves, but with wavelengths of 0.005 nm, they produce significantly greater resolution up to 0.05 nm as compared to 500 nm for visible light. An electron microscope (EM) can create a sharp image that is magnified up to 2,000,000X.
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Conventional electron microscopy (EM) involves dehydration, fixation, and staining of biological samples, which distorts the native state of biological molecules and results in several artifacts. Also, the high-energy electron beam damages the sample and makes it difficult to obtain high-resolution images. These issues can be addressed using cryo-EM, which uses frozen samples and gentler electron beams. The technique was developed by Jacques Dubochet, Joachim Frank, and Richard Henderson, for...
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Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) can be used to determine the 3D structure of biological samples with the help of techniques such as electron microscope tomography and single-particle reconstruction. While single-particle reconstruction can examine macromolecules and macromolecular complexes in vitro conditions only, tomography permits the study of cell components or small cells in vivo.
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In 1931, physicist Ernst Ruska—building on the idea that magnetic fields can direct an electron beam just as lenses can direct a beam of light in an optical microscope—developed the first prototype of the electron microscope. This development led to the development of the field of electron microscopy. In the transmission electron microscope (TEM), electrons are produced by a hot tungsten element and accelerated by a potential difference in an electron gun, which gives them up to 400...
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The early pioneers of microscopy opened a window into the invisible world of microorganisms. In 1830, Joseph Jackson Lister created an essentially modern light microscope. The 20th century saw the development of microscopes that leveraged nonvisible light, such as fluorescence microscopy that uses an ultraviolet light source and electron microscopy that uses short-wavelength electron beams. These advances significantly improved magnification, image resolution, and contrast. By comparison, the...
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Morphomics via next-generation electron microscopy.

Raku Son1,2, Kenji Yamazawa3, Akiko Oguchi1,2

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New electron microscopy (EM) and deep learning methods enable broader imaging and quantification of cellular structures. This advance establishes

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Area of Science:

  • Cellular Biology
  • Bioimage Informatics
  • Microscopy

Background:

  • The study of ultra-structures in the living body is crucial but limited by conventional electron microscopy (EM) techniques.
  • Existing EM methods restrict observations to narrow tissue areas, potentially introducing bias.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce novel electron microscopy (EM) techniques for broader nano-scale imaging.
  • To highlight the role of deep learning in quantifying complex bioimages.
  • To establish a new omics science for comprehensive cellular morphology analysis.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing advanced electron microscopy (EM) for wide-field 2D and large-volume 3D imaging.
  • Applying deep learning-based bioimage informatics for morphological quantification.

Main Results:

  • Achieved coverage of significantly broader nano-scale fields of view in EM.
  • Enabled accelerated and accurate quantification of complex cellular morphology.
  • Demonstrated comprehensive acquisition and analysis of cellular structures.

Conclusions:

  • Technological and analytical advances in EM and bioimage informatics have converged.
  • These advancements facilitate the rise of 'morphomics' as a new omics science.
  • Morphomics enables comprehensive understanding of cellular morphology.