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Predicting the Persistence of Insomnia Symptoms during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Zachary Ta1, Allyson A Gilles1, Nasim Parsinejad1
1Division of Public Health, Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT.
Objective:
The goal of this study is to evaluate the factors associated with vulnerability and course of insomnia longitudinally in the COVID-19 pandemic and examine differences between: (a) those who never demonstrated clinical insomnia symptoms, (b) those who demonstrated clinically elevated insomnia symptoms at 1 or 2 time points, and (c) those who demonstrated clinically elevated insomnia symptoms at all 3 time points.
Methods:
Participants (≥18 years old) completed measures of insomnia (ISI), depression (PHQ-8), anxiety (GAD-7), and pre-sleep arousal (PSAS) at 3 time points (baseline, 1 month, and 3 months). Data were analyzed using univariable odds ratios and multivariable multicategory logistic regression to determine demographic, psychological, and behavioral predictors of insomnia persistence.
Results:
A total of 129 participants completed all 3 assessments (70 female, age M = 44 years, SD = 16). We found that 40% (N = 51) never had insomnia symptoms, 33% (N = 42) reported transient insomnia symptoms (1 or 2 time points), and 28% (N = 36) reported persistent insomnia symptoms (all 3 time points). From the multivariable multicategory logistic analyses, pre-sleep arousal, gender, and income were significant predictors of insomnia persistence.
Conclusions:
Findings indicate elevated insomnia symptoms were persistent in a substantial number of individuals throughout the pandemic. Results suggest additional insomnia and psychological interventions are needed to improve sleep and mental health.
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