It hurts to get forced: Children's narratives about restraint during medical procedures

According to the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC), children have the right to be involved in decisions about medical procedures affecting them. However, research has shown that healthcare professionals sometimes find this difficult to achieve and those procedures then are performed against the will of the child. The aim was to illuminate restraint from the perspective of children's and young people's experiences of feeling forced during medical procedures. Following the phenomenological hermeneutic method, a secondary qualitative analysis of narrative data from four datasets collected between 2001 and 2020 was performed. Twelve children and young people aged 6-19 years (three male, nine female) from central and northern Sweden narrated their experiences of restraint related to medical procedures in nine narrative interviews and three short written narratives. The analysis revealed that it hurts to get forced, this being illustrated in six themes: bodily misery, emotional rebellion, feeling disregarded, physically limited, desiring escape, and leaving deep traces. From the perspective of children and young people, restraint was interpreted with inspiration from the philosopher Michel Foucault, as being overpowered - not voluntary submission but offering resistance - and according to the theory of caring and uncaring, a relationship in which the healthcare professional is perceived as indifferent to the patient as a person. In conclusion restraint hurts and means powerlessness to the child, leaving deep traces that remain for a long time. The findings call the healthcare profession to take action to support children's self-determination, participation, and integrity in healthcare. How children experience restraint in healthcare merits further investigation from the children's own perspective.