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Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease

Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease

Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a widespread pathogen that primarily targets infants and young children but also poses a serious health risk to elderly and immunocompromised individuals. Belonging to the Pneumoviridae family, RSV is a negative-sense, single-stranded RNA virus within the Pneumovirus genus. Its global health burden is significant, with millions of cases annually resulting in hospitalizations and mortality, particularly in resource-limited settings. Although most...

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An In vitro Model to Study Immune Responses of Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells to Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection

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Defining Parameters That Modulate Susceptibility and Protection to Respiratory Murine Coronavirus MHV1 Infection.

Elvia E Silva^1,2, Steven J Moioffer¹, Mariah Hassert¹

¹Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA.

Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)

|December 27, 2023

Summary

Infection dose and comorbidities significantly impact SARS-like virus disease severity. Low-dose priming offers antibody-dependent protection against subsequent high-dose challenges in susceptible hosts.

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Influenza A Virus Studies in a Mouse Model of Infection

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Published on: September 7, 2017

Area of Science:

Virology
Immunology
Pathology

Background:

SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility varies among patients, with comorbidities like sepsis worsening COVID-19 outcomes.
The influence of initial viral inoculum dose on disease progression and potential for immunological priming remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate how infectious dose, host genetics, and comorbidities affect SARS-like virus infection outcomes.
To determine if low-dose infection can serve as an effective immunological priming strategy.

Main Methods:

Utilized a murine hepatitis virus type 1 (MHV-1) model in genetically susceptible (C3H/HeJ), resistant (C57BL/6J), and diverse (Swiss Webster) mice.
Administered varying doses of MHV-1 and induced polymicrobial sepsis via cecal ligation and puncture.
Assessed disease severity, lung pathology, lymphopenia, and immune responses (antibodies, T cells) post-infection and rechallenge.

Main Results:

C3H/HeJ mice showed dose-dependent pathology; an asymptomatic dose (500 PFU) was identified.
Sepsis exacerbated otherwise asymptomatic MHV-1 infections, highlighting comorbidity impact.
Low-dose MHV-1 priming induced antibody-dependent protection against high-dose rechallenge, but not T cell-dependent protection.

Conclusions:

Infection dose, host genetics, and comorbidities critically modulate beta-coronavirus infection outcomes.
Low-dose infection can prime for antibody-mediated immunity, but T cell responses are not consistently enhanced.
Findings provide insights into managing viral infections in diverse clinical scenarios, including those with comorbidities.