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Spermatogenesis

Spermatogenesis

Spermatogenesis is the process by which haploid sperm cells are produced in the male testes. It starts with stem cells located close to the outer rim of seminiferous tubules. These spermatogonial stem cells divide asymmetrically to give rise to additional stem cells (meaning that these structures “self-renew”), as well as sperm progenitors, called spermatocytes. Importantly, this method of asymmetric mitotic division maintains a population of spermatogonial stem cells in the male...

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Updated: Jul 7, 2025

Sperm Collection of Differential Quality Using Density Gradient Centrifugation

Sperm Collection of Differential Quality Using Density Gradient Centrifugation

Published on: November 29, 2018

Magnetotactic Sperm Cells for Assisted Reproduction.

Friedrich Striggow¹, Carla Ribeiro¹, Azaam Aziz¹

¹Micro- and NanoBiomedical Engineering Group (MNBE), Institute for Emerging Electronic Technologies, Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW), 01069, Dresden, Germany.

Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)

|December 27, 2023

Summary

Researchers developed biohybrid micromotors using sperm cells and magnetic particles for targeted delivery in reproductive medicine. This innovation addresses challenges in producing sufficient numbers of sperm-based micromotors for biomedical applications.

Keywords:

assisted reproduction magnetic microparticles medical microrobots micromotors microrobots polystyrene microparticles sperm cells

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Last Updated: Jul 7, 2025

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Area of Science:

Biomedical Engineering
Reproductive Medicine
Nanotechnology

Background:

Biohybrid micromotors combine biological and synthetic components for advanced biomedical tools.
Sperm-based micromotors offer potential for minimally invasive in vivo oocyte delivery, aiding infertility treatment.
Previous challenges included scalable fabrication and stable coupling of sperm cells to microstructures.

Purpose of the Study:

To present a novel, fast, and simple method for assembling sperm-based biohybrid micromotors.
To demonstrate the efficacy and stability of these micromotors in various environments.
To develop a protocol for scaled-up production and purification for in vitro fertilization (IVF).

Main Methods:

Assembly of biohybrid micromotors using magnetic microparticles and motile sperm cells.
Characterization of sperm cell motility, swimming speed, and membrane integrity after coupling.
Magnetic assembly of micromotor clusters and visualization using dual ultrasound (US)/photoacoustic (PA) imaging.
Development of a scaled-up assembly and purification protocol.

Main Results:

Successfully fabricated magnetotactic sperm-based biohybrid micromotors via a rapid process.
Micromotors exhibited high motility and swimming speed, with preserved sperm function across environments.
Magnetic clustering and dual US/PA imaging enabled visualization and control.
A scalable protocol for micromotor production and purification for IVF was established.

Conclusions:

The presented method offers a viable approach for producing large quantities of functional sperm-based biohybrid micromotors.
These micromotors show promise for targeted sperm delivery in reproductive medicine, particularly for IVF.
The findings pave the way for the biomedical implementation of these advanced biohybrid systems.