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Teeth

Teeth

The formation of teeth, also known as odontogenesis, is a complex process that begins in utero, around the sixth week of embryonic development. There are three stages to this process: the bud stage, the cap stage, and the bell stage.
In the bud stage, the tooth germ (an aggregation of cells) starts to form in the developing jawbone. During the cap stage, the tooth germ differentiates into enamel organ, dental papilla, and dental sac, which will later develop into the tooth's enamel, dentin...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 7, 2025

Dissection and Flat-mounting of the Threespine Stickleback Branchial Skeleton

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Published on: May 7, 2016

Continuous tooth replacement: what can teleost fish teach us?

Ann Huysseune^1,2, P Eckhard Witten¹

¹Research Group Evolutionary Developmental Biology, Biology Department, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, Ghent, B-9000, Belgium.

Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society

|December 27, 2023

Summary

Teleost fish continuously replace their teeth, unlike mammals. This review explores diverse tooth replacement patterns in ray-finned fish, highlighting potential triggers and the role of progenitor cells, not stem cells, for future human tooth regeneration research.

Keywords:

Teleostei dental lamina dentition epithelial stem cells neurovascular link oropharynx tooth addition tooth patterning tooth regeneration tooth replacement

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Last Updated: Jul 7, 2025

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Area of Science:

Comparative Dental Biology
Developmental Biology
Evolutionary Biology

Background:

Most non-mammalian vertebrates exhibit continuous tooth replacement, a trait largely lost in mammals.
Ray-finned fish (actinopterygians), particularly teleosts, display remarkable diversity in tooth distribution and replacement patterns.
Understanding teleost tooth replacement offers insights into evolutionary changes in mammalian dentition.

Purpose of the Study:

To review and synthesize current knowledge on tooth replacement diversity in teleost fish.
To investigate the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying continuous tooth replacement in teleosts.
To evaluate the potential of teleosts as models for human tooth regeneration.

Main Methods:

Review of classical morphological and contemporary molecular studies on teleost tooth replacement.
Analysis of gene expression patterns related to tooth formation and replacement.
Comparative analysis of tooth replacement strategies across different teleost taxa.

Main Results:

Teleost tooth replacement exhibits significant diversity, initiated from various epithelial sources, including the absence of a successional dental lamina.
Replacement triggers may involve local progenitor cell proliferation rather than solely epithelial stem cells.
The neurovascular link's role in tooth replacement is under-investigated but potentially significant.

Conclusions:

Teleost tooth replacement mechanisms, independent of a dental lamina and definitive stem cells, position them as valuable models for human tooth regeneration.
Continuous tooth replacement in teleosts may serve to increase tooth count during ontogeny while preserving primary dentition features.
Further research into progenitor cell behavior and neurovascular interactions is crucial for understanding teleost tooth replacement and its translational potential.