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A battery is a galvanic cell that is used as a source of electrical power for specific applications. Modern batteries exist in a multitude of forms to accommodate various applications, from tiny button batteries such as those that power wristwatches to the very large batteries used to supply backup energy to municipal power grids. Some batteries are designed for single-use applications and cannot be recharged (primary cells), while others are based on conveniently reversible cell reactions that...
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Group 1 elements are soft and shiny metallic solids. They are malleable, ductile, and good conductors of heat and electricity. The melting points of the alkali metals are unusually low for metals and decrease going down the group, while the density increases going down the group with the exception of potassium (Table 1).
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 7, 2025

The Effect of Charging and Discharging Lithium Iron Phosphate-graphite Cells at Different Temperatures on Degradation
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Realizing Low-Temperature Graphite-based Rechargeable Potassium-Ion Full Battery.

Liwei Cheng1, Hao Lan1, Yong Gao2

  • 1School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|December 27, 2023
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a novel electrolyte for graphite-based potassium-ion batteries, enabling stable low-temperature operation. This breakthrough addresses key challenges, paving the way for practical low-temperature potassium-ion battery development.

Keywords:
ElectrolytesFull CellGraphiteLow TemperaturePotassium-Ion Batteries

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Energy Storage

Background:

  • Graphite is a promising anode for potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) due to its capacity and cost.
  • Current graphite-based PIBs struggle at low temperatures, limited by electrolyte kinetics or ion-solvent co-intercalation.
  • Developing low-temperature-compatible PIBs is crucial for wider application.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a high-performance, low-temperature rechargeable potassium-ion battery using graphite anodes.
  • To overcome the limitations of conventional electrolytes in graphite-based PIBs at sub-zero temperatures.
  • To enhance the operating voltage and cyclability of potassium-ion batteries through electrolyte engineering.

Main Methods:

  • Investigated novel electrolyte chemistry using unidentate-ether-based solvents for potassium-ion batteries.
  • Introduced steric hindrance in the electrolyte to suppress potassium-ion solvent co-intercalation into graphite.
  • Fabricated and tested a full potassium-ion battery cell (Gr||KPTCDA) across a wide temperature range.

Main Results:

  • The new electrolyte significantly weakens K+-solvent interactions and lowers de-solvation barriers.
  • Steric hindrance effectively suppressed co-intercalation, improving operating voltage and battery cyclability.
  • The graphite-based potassium-ion battery demonstrated reversible cycling from -30 to 45°C.
  • Achieved an energy density of 197 Wh kgcathode-1 at -20°C.

Conclusions:

  • A high-performance, low-temperature graphite-based potassium-ion battery was successfully realized for the first time.
  • Electrolyte design, specifically using unidentate-ether solvents and steric hindrance, is key to overcoming low-temperature performance limitations.
  • This work provides a viable pathway for the commercialization of low-temperature potassium-ion batteries.