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Related Concept Videos

Glucose Transporters01:27

Glucose Transporters

22.8K
Glucose transporters facilitate the transport of glucose across the cell membrane. In addition to glucose, some glucose transporters can also aid the movement of other hexoses such as fructose, mannose, and galactose.
Facilitated diffusion-glucose transporters (GLUTs) are encoded by the solute-linked carrier (SLC) family 2, subfamily A gene family, or SLC2A. The 14 GLUT protein members are distributed into three classes:
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Secondary Active Transport01:32

Secondary Active Transport

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One example of how cells use the energy contained in electrochemical gradients is demonstrated by glucose transport into cells. The ion vital to this process is sodium (Na+), which is typically present in higher concentrations extracellularly than in the cytosol. Such a concentration difference is due, in part, to the action of an enzyme "pump" embedded in the cellular membrane that actively expels Na+ from a cell. Importantly, as this pump contributes to the high concentration of...
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Glucose Absorption Into the Small Intestine01:26

Glucose Absorption Into the Small Intestine

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Complex carbohydrates consumed cannot be absorbed into the small intestine in their original form. First, they must be hydrolyzed to a monosaccharide form such as glucose or galactose. These monosaccharides are then transported across the intestinal membrane and into the blood via transcellular transport. The intestinal epithelial cells allow the movement of these monosaccharides with a defined 'entry' through membrane transporter proteins present on their apical membrane and...
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Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitors01:23

Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitors

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Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) is a serine protease widely distributed in the body. It's involved in the inactivation of GLP-1 and GIP hormones, which are crucial for insulin regulation. DPP-4 inhibitors, such as sitagliptin (Januvia), saxagliptin (Onglyza), linagliptin (Tradjenta), alogliptin (Nesina), and vildagliptin (Galvus), help increase the proportion of active GLP-1, enhancing insulin secretion. These inhibitors work by competitively binding to DPP-4. This binding causes a...
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Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Biguanides and Glitazones01:26

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Biguanides and Glitazones

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Biguanides, particularly metformin (Glucophage), are insulin sensitizers that enhance glucose uptake, thereby reducing insulin resistance. Unlike sulfonylureas, metformin doesn't prompt insulin secretion, which helps to curb hypoglycemia risk. Metformin is beneficial in treating conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome due to its insulin-resistance reduction capability. The drug's primary action involves curtailing hepatic gluconeogenesis, a significant contributor to high blood...
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Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: α-Glucosidase Inhibitors01:19

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: α-Glucosidase Inhibitors

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α-glucosidase inhibitors, including acarbose (Precose), miglitol (Glyset), and voglibose (Voglib) (primarily available in Asia), are drugs that control blood sugar levels by delaying the digestion of starch and disaccharides. They achieve this by inhibiting α-glucosidase enzymes in the intestine, which slow the absorption of carbohydrates in the intestine, which in turn leads to a prolonged release of the glucoregulatory hormone GLP-1 from intestinal L-cells.
Acarbose and miglitol are...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 6, 2025

Glucose Uptake Measurement and Response to Insulin Stimulation in In Vitro Cultured Human Primary Myotubes
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Metabolic Communication by SGLT2 Inhibition.

Anja M Billing1, Young Chul Kim2,3, Søren Gullaksen4,5

  • 1Departments of Biomedicine (A.M.B., F.D., E.K., J.J., R.A.F., M.C., M.M.R.), Aarhus University, Denmark.

Circulation
|December 28, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors protect kidneys and heart by reducing gut microbiome uremic toxins and direct kidney effects. This study reveals the metabolic basis for SGLT2 inhibitor benefits.

Keywords:
diabetes mellitusgastrointestinal microbiomeheartkidneymetabolomeplasmaproteomesodium-glucose transporter 2 inhibitorsuremic toxinsurine

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Study of In Vivo Glucose Metabolism in High-fat Diet-fed Mice Using Oral Glucose Tolerance Test OGTT and Insulin Tolerance Test ITT

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Area of Science:

  • Metabolomics
  • Proteomics
  • Microbiome Research

Background:

  • Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors offer cardioprotective and nephroprotective benefits.
  • The precise mechanisms underlying these protective effects remain incompletely understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the primary molecular and metabolic effects of SGLT2 inhibitors.
  • To investigate SGLT2 inhibitor actions independent of disease-related changes using multi-omics analysis.

Main Methods:

  • Integrated proteomics, phosphoproteomics, and metabolomics in diabetic and non-diabetic mice treated with SGLT2 inhibitors.
  • Analysis of multiple organs and body fluids after one week of treatment.
  • In vitro fermentation studies with human gut microbiota.

Main Results:

  • SGLT2 inhibitors induced significant proteomic changes in kidneys, reducing proximal tubule glucotoxicity and apical transporter activity.
  • Effects were observed in white adipose tissue (lipolysis) and notably the gut microbiome, decreasing uremic toxin precursors.
  • Reduced circulating p-cresol sulfate levels were confirmed, with direct impact on engineered heart tissue function.

Conclusions:

  • SGLT2 inhibitors mitigate uremic toxin production by the gut microbiome, lessening the renal detoxification burden.
  • Combined with direct renal effects, this establishes a metabolic foundation for SGLT2 inhibitor-mediated kidney and heart protection.
  • Findings highlight the gut microbiome's role in SGLT2 inhibitor efficacy.