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Updated: Jul 6, 2025

An Analog Macroscopic Technique for Studying Molecular Hydrodynamic Processes in Dense Gases and Liquids
Published on: December 4, 2017
Modelling sound particle motion in shallow watera)
Victor O Oppeneer1, Christ A F de Jong1, Bas Binnerts1
1TNO Acoustics and Sonar, Oude Waalsdorperweg 63, 2597 AK Den Haag, the Netherlands.
Abstract:
Fish species and aquatic invertebrates are sensitive to underwater sound particle motion. Studies on the impact of sound on marine life would benefit from sound particle motion models. Benchmark cases and solutions are proposed for the selection and verification of appropriate models. These include a range-independent environment, with and without shear in the sediment, and a range-dependent environment, without sediment shear. Analysis of the acoustic impedance illustrates that sound particle velocity can be directly estimated from the sound pressure field in shallow water scenarios, except at distances within one wavelength of the source, or a few water depths at frequencies where the wavelength exceeds the water depth.
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