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Updated: Jul 6, 2025

Probe-based Confocal Laser Endomicroscopy of the Urinary Tract: The Technique
Published on: January 10, 2013
[Voiding cystourethrography : Indications, fluoroscopy technique and radiation protection]
B Kammer1, R Stahl2, M C Seidenbusch3
1Klinik und Poliklinik für Radiologie, LMU Klinikum, LMU München, Lindwurmstr. 4, 80337, München, Deutschland. Birgit.Kammer@med.uni-muenchen.de.
Insights
Voiding cystourethrography is a key diagnostic tool for pediatric urinary tract diseases. This study details its optimized technique and compares it with other methods for detecting vesicoureteral reflux (VUR).
Area of Science:
- Pediatric Urology
- Diagnostic Imaging
Background:
Voiding cystourethrography continues to be the gold standard in the diagnostics of a wide range of diseases of the urinary tract in children.
Material And Methods:
Indications, implementation of voiding cystourethrography in terms of preparation, materials used, dealing with the child and the parents as well as the standardized examination technique are presented. In particular, the technical aspects of fluoroscopy devices and criteria for good image quality are discussed. Case studies are used to illustrate the problems of frequent urological diseases.
Discussion:
The three standard examinations for the detection of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR), radionuclide cystography, contrast-enhanced voiding urosonography and voiding cystourethrography are compared. Their potential for detecting VUR and additional urological pathologies is discussed in detail. Furthermore, the optimized examination technique of voiding cystourethrography is presented. The applicability of the current dose reference values of the German Federal Office for Radiation Protection (BfS) in the daily routine is discussed and the feasibility of the dose reference values is explained.
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