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Related Concept Videos

Computed Tomography01:10

Computed Tomography

Tomography refers to imaging by sections. Computed tomography (CT) is a non-invasive imaging technique that uses computers to analyze several cross-sectional X-rays to reveal minute details about structures in the body.
The technique was invented in the 1970s and is based on the principle that as X-rays pass through the body, they are absorbed or reflected at different levels. In the technique, a patient lies on a motorized platform while a computerized axial tomography (CAT) scanner rotates...
Imaging Studies I: CT and MRI01:14

Imaging Studies I: CT and MRI

Introduction: MRI and CT scans are crucial advancements in medical imaging techniques, playing a vital role in diagnosing conditions related to the gastrointestinal (GI) system. Each scan serves distinct purposes, targets specific areas, and requires unique nursing duties.
Description of the Procedures
Computed Tomography (CT) scan:
Computed Tomography (CT) scans use X-ray technology to generate detailed images of bones, organs, and tissues. During the scan, the patient lies on a moving table...
Imaging Studies II: Positron Emission Tomography and Scintigraphy01:25

Imaging Studies II: Positron Emission Tomography and Scintigraphy

Positron Emission Tomography (PET) is a medical imaging technique that provides crucial insights into the body's physiological functions at a molecular level. It is an indispensable resource for diagnosing, staging, and monitoring various illnesses, notably cancer, neurological disorders, and cardiovascular conditions.
Fundamental Principles of PET
Brain Imaging01:14

Brain Imaging

Brain imaging technologies provide critical insights into both the structure and function of the human brain, enabling medical professionals and researchers to diagnose, study, and treat neurological disorders or psychiatric disorders more effectively.
These technologies include computerized axial tomography (CAT or CT scans), positron-emission tomography (PET scans),  magnetic resonance imaging (MRI),  functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS).
Imaging Studies III: Computed Tomography01:27

Imaging Studies III: Computed Tomography

DefinitionComputed Tomography (CT) of the genitourinary (GU) tract is a non-invasive imaging modality that utilizes X-rays and computer processing to generate detailed cross-sectional images of the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and adjacent structures such as the adrenal glands.PurposeCT scans of the GU tract serve several diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, including:Diagnosis of Urinary Tract Diseases: Detects kidney stones, tumors, cysts, and congenital...
Imaging Studies IV: Magnetic Resonance Imaging01:27

Imaging Studies IV: Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Introduction:Magnetic Resonance Imaging, or MRI, can include a specialized imaging technique of the urinary system known as Magnetic Resonance Urography (MRU). This radiation-free technique uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to produce detailed images with the help of a computer. MRU is particularly effective for visualizing fluid-filled structures like the kidneys, ureters, and bladder.Applications of MRI in the Genitourinary SystemKidneys and Ureters: MRI detects tumors, cysts,...

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Probing the Brain in Autism Using fMRI and Diffusion Tensor Imaging
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Voxel-based dysconnectomic brain morphometry with computed tomography in Down syndrome.

Beatriz Sánchez-Moreno1, Linda Zhang2, Gloria Mateo1

  • 1Adult Down Syndrome Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Madrid, Spain.

Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology
|December 30, 2023
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Summary

Computed tomography (CT) scans reveal brain changes in adults with Down syndrome (DS) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Automated analysis helps detect dementia-related brain atrophy, offering a viable imaging alternative for this population.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimaging
  • Gerontology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Alzheimer's disease (AD) poses a significant health challenge for aging adults with Down syndrome (DS).
  • Conventional diagnostic tools and MRI are often less reliable or feasible for this population due to severe disability or intolerance to prolonged scans.
  • Computed tomography (CT) offers a faster alternative but has limitations in morphometric analysis due to poor contrast resolution.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To implement an automated analysis of CT scans for characterizing brain differences across dementia stages in adults with DS.
  • To explore the utility of CT-based neuroimaging in a population where MRI is challenging.
  • To investigate correlations between brain morphometry, dementia severity, and AD biomarkers using CT.

Main Methods:

  • An automated algorithm was used to analyze CT scans from 98 individuals with DS.
  • Voxel-based correlations were performed to link clinical dementia stages and AD plasma biomarkers (phosphorylated tau-181, neurofilament light chain) with brain volumes.
  • Dysconnectomic patterns, analyzing white matter (WM) and gray matter (GM) integrity, were delineated.

Main Results:

  • Dementia severity showed a negative correlation with GM and WM volumes in temporal lobe regions, including the parahippocampal gyri.
  • Dysconnectome analysis indicated an association between WM loss and temporal lobe GM volume reduction.
  • AD biomarkers were negatively associated with GM volume in the hippocampal and cingulate gyri.

Conclusions:

  • Automated CT analysis and dysconnectomic approaches can successfully identify AD-related brain morphometric differences in adults with DS.
  • This method provides a valuable neuroimaging avenue for populations with DS for whom MRI is difficult to obtain.
  • CT-based analysis offers a promising tool for understanding AD progression in DS.