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Retroviruses02:33

Retroviruses

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Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
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Retroviruses are RNA viruses that have been shown to cause cancers in diverse species, including chickens, mice, cats, and monkeys. The RNA genomes of these viruses are first reverse-transcribed into single and then double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) copies. This dsDNA called proviral DNA then integrates into the host genome. Subsequently, the host cell transcribes the proviral DNA in concert with the chromosomal DNA. This leads to the production of viral RNA and proteins that assemble at the host...
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Retrovirus Life Cycles

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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
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Non-LTR Retrotransposons03:18

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As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
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LTR Retrotransposons03:08

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LTR retrotransposons are class I transposable elements with long terminal repeats flanking an internal coding region. These elements are less abundant in mammals compared to other class I transposable elements. About 8 percent of human genomic DNA comprises LTR retrotransposons. Some of the common examples of LTR retrotransposons are Ty elements in yeast and Copia elements in Drosophila.
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Rous Sarcoma Virus (RSV) and Cancer01:03

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Rous Sarcoma virus or RSV was discovered by F. Peyton Rous in the year 1911 as a filterable transmissible agent that could cause tumors in chickens. He won a Nobel Prize for this discovery in 1966. His experiments clearly demonstrated that some cancers could be caused by infectious agents and led to the discovery of many more cancer-causing viruses in animals as well as humans.
RSV is a retrovirus that contains two copies of a plus-strand  RNA genome. Its genome consists of four main open...
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Human Endogenous Retroviruses in Diseases.

Tian-Jiao Fan1, Jie Cui2

  • 1CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.

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|December 30, 2023
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Summary

Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) play dual roles in health and disease. Research explores their function in viral infections and cancers, and potential therapeutic targets.

Keywords:
Antiviral immunityHistone epigeneticsHuman endogenous retroviruses (HERVs)TherapiesTumorViral infection

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Virology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) are ancient retroviral sequences integrated into the human genome.
  • While often inactive, some HERVs retain crucial cytological functions, impacting physiology and disease.
  • HERVs are implicated in processes like placental development, immune regulation, and pathogenesis of cancers and autoimmune diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent research on the roles of HERVs in viral infections and cancers.
  • To investigate HERV dysregulation, epigenetic modifications, and antiviral immunity.
  • To explore therapeutic strategies targeting HERVs for enhanced vaccine and medication efficacy.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on HERV functions and dysregulation.
  • Analysis of HERV-induced epigenetic modifications (e.g., histone methylation and acetylation).
  • Examination of HERV-mediated antiviral immune mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • Aberrant HERV expression is linked to various viral infections and cancers.
  • HERVs influence host cell functions, including gene expression and epigenetic regulation.
  • HERV-targeting therapies show potential for improving vaccine and drug effectiveness.

Conclusions:

  • HERVs possess significant dual roles in human health, influencing both physiological processes and disease states.
  • Understanding HERV dysregulation and epigenetic impact is crucial for developing novel therapeutic interventions.
  • Targeting HERVs offers promising avenues for enhancing antiviral immunity and cancer treatments.