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Related Concept Videos

Prevalence and Incidence01:08

Prevalence and Incidence

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In statistical epidemiology and health sciences, two essential metrics—prevalence and incidence—are fundamental for understanding disease dynamics within a population. These measures enable public health officials, epidemiologists, and researchers to assess the burden of diseases, allocate resources effectively, and design impactful public health policies and interventions.
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The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...
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Health promotion allows a person to control the determinants of health, resulting in an improved health status. It enhances the quality of life and reduces premature deaths. Health promotion and illness prevention programs help people make beneficial choices to reduce the risk of disease and disabilities. There are three health promotion and illness prevention levels: primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 6, 2025

A Novel Method for Involving Women of Color at High Risk for Preterm Birth in Research Priority Setting
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Health disparities in preterm births.

Judy Brown1,2, Xiaolin Chang3, Adam Matson4,5

  • 1Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States.

Frontiers in Public Health
|January 1, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Black African American mothers face higher preterm birth risks and poorer infant outcomes. Lifelong stress and discrimination contribute to these health disparities, requiring targeted interventions.

Keywords:
health inequitiesneurodevelopmentpainpreterm birthsocial determinants of health

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Area of Science:

  • Perinatal health disparities
  • Neonatal neurodevelopment
  • Social determinants of health

Background:

  • Black African American (B/AA) women experience 2-3 times higher preterm birth rates than non-Hispanic White (W) women.
  • Preterm birth is a leading cause of infant mortality and adverse health outcomes for B/AA infants.
  • Existing racial inequities in maternal and infant health persist as a public health crisis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate disparities in preterm birth and infant outcomes among B/AA mothers.
  • To explore the role of lifelong stress and discrimination in preterm birth and infant outcome inequities.
  • To analyze the impact of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) stressors on preterm infant neurobehavioral development.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of anthropometric and clinical data from 197 participants' electronic health records over 4 years.
  • Utilized the Neonatal Infant Stressor Scale to quantify acute and chronic painful/stressful procedures.
  • Employed the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) Network Neurobehavioral Scale to assess neurobehavioral differences.

Main Results:

  • B/AA mothers delivered preterm infants earlier than W mothers.
  • B/AA preterm infants experienced significantly longer NICU stays (over 2 weeks) compared to age-matched W infants.
  • B/AA preterm infants had a higher number of chronic, life-saving procedures associated with altered stress responses.

Conclusions:

  • Preterm birth rates and infant outcomes highlight critical health inequities for B/AA infants.
  • NICU stress and pain are significant factors in preterm infant developmental and neurodevelopmental outcomes.
  • Interventions and policies are needed to reduce discrimination and improve social determinants of health for BIPOC communities.