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Related Concept Videos

Drug Dependence01:17

Drug Dependence

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Medications are typically administered to achieve therapeutic effects. Some drugs can modify an individual's mood and perception, frequently resulting in various enjoyable experiences. However, this can result in drug dependency, a condition marked by continuous drug use despite potential negative consequences. Drug dependency primarily falls into two categories: psychological and physical dependence. Psychological dependence occurs when the pleasurable feelings induced by the drug...
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Depressants01:28

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Depressant drugs, including alcohol and sedative-hypnotics, diminish central nervous system activity by enhancing the action of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a neurotransmitter that reduces brain activity and promotes relaxation. These substances can have various therapeutic uses but also pose significant risks, especially when misused or combined.
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Stimulants01:29

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Stimulants are substances that enhance neural activity and elevate dopamine levels in the brain, leading to their highly addictive nature. These drugs include cocaine, amphetamines, MDMA, caffeine, and nicotine, each with distinct mechanisms of action and varied health implications.
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Altered States of Awareness01:06

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Altered states of consciousness represent significant deviations from one's normal mental state. These deviations can range from subtle changes in awareness to profound transformations in perception, thought processes, and sensory experiences. Altered states of consciousness can be triggered by various factors, including drug use, meditation, hypnosis, illness, or even intense fatigue.
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Hallucinogens and Psychedelics01:27

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Hallucinogens are psychoactive substances that profoundly alter perceptual experiences, generating unreal visual and sensory images. Often referred to as psychedelic drugs — a term derived from the Greek words "psyche" (mind) and "delos" (revealing) — these substances include marijuana and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), among others. These drugs vary in intensity and effects.
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Desensitization and Tachyphylaxis01:20

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Tachyphylaxis is described as a rapid decrease in response to a drug after repeated or continuous administration of the same drug dose. It is a phenomenon where the body becomes less responsive to a particular substance or intervention over time, requiring higher doses or stronger interventions to achieve the same effect. It results from adaptive changes in the body's receptors, signaling pathways, or physiological processes that occur in response to prolonged exposure to a stimulus.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 6, 2025

Creating Dynamic Images of Short-lived Dopamine Fluctuations with lp-ntPET: Dopamine Movies of Cigarette Smoking
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Are We Getting High Cause the Thrill is Gone?

Kenneth Blum1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9, Thomas Mclaughlin1, Mark S Gold10

  • 1The Kenneth Blum Behavioral and Neurogenetic Institute, LLC., Austin, TX, USA.

Journal of Addiction Psychiatry
|January 2, 2024
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS) links genetics and environment to addiction. Identifying genetic predispositions and promoting dopamine balance may offer new treatment strategies for opioid use disorder (OUD).

Keywords:
DopamineFunctional connectivityGenetic addiction risk severityNeurotransmittersPro-dopamine regulationReward brain circuitryThrill is gone

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Genetics
  • Addiction Research

Background:

  • Opioid use disorder (OUD) affects millions in the USA, with rising fatalities from illicit substances.
  • Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS) encompasses substance and non-substance addictive behaviors.
  • Brain reward circuitry and dopamine regulation are central to well-being and addiction vulnerability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the genetic and environmental factors contributing to Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS).
  • To investigate the role of brain reward circuitry and dopamine homeostasis in addiction.
  • To propose novel therapeutic strategies for opioid use disorder (OUD) and RDS.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current research on neuroimaging and functional connectivity in addiction.
  • Analysis of genetic polymorphisms and epigenetic alterations in high-risk individuals.
  • Discussion of potential interventions like genetic assessment and pro-dopamine regulation.

Main Results:

  • High-risk individuals may exhibit blunted responses to stimuli due to genetic or epigenetic factors.
  • Resting-state functional connectivity in reward circuitry is a key factor in RDS.
  • A diminished 'thrill' or absence of it from birth may indicate genetic predisposition to addiction.

Conclusions:

  • Inducing dopamine homeostasis is crucial for managing RDS and OUD.
  • Combining genetic assessment with pro-dopamine regulation (KB220) could be a frontline treatment.
  • Gene editing may offer future therapeutic possibilities for genetically influenced neurotransmitter imbalances.